Month: May 2022

6 Reasons Why Homeowners Choose Asphalt Shingles in Greenville

When the time has come for you to upgrade your roof or choose a roofing material for your new home, there are many options available in the market.

Some people choose metal, slate, or tile roofs, while others opt for asphalt shingles. If you’re wondering why so many homeowners choose asphalt shingles for their homes in Greenville, read on!

In this blog post, we will discuss six reasons why this roofing material is so popular.

What is a roofing system and what is it composed of?

A standard slanted roofing system consists of five fundamental components. The cladding, which is constructed of wood or chipboard, is supported by the roof’s rafters and trusses, which form the framework of the structure. To keep water from leaking through the joints, flashing is used, while drainage components aid in the roof’s ability to engage in water shedding. Finally, the roof covering is the last element of a roof installation, which shields the roofing and your home from the elements.

6 Reasons Why Homeowners Choose Asphalt Shingles in Greenville

Right away, here are six reasons why homeowners opt to use asphalt shingles in Greenville:

1. Utmost durability

Longevity is a hallmark of asphalt shingles. They are so long-lasting that they don’t require as much frequent maintenance as other types of roofing do. The majority of them can withstand wind gusts, flames, and ice without losing their structural integrity. The double fiberglass mat used in the construction of these shingles makes them wind and fire-resistant. For decades to come, the resistant structure is built to withstand the worst conditions. Their durability and strength have earned them about 40 years of warranty and 15 years of algae treatment and cleansing limited warranties, respectively.

2. Good bounce for the ounce

One of the cheapest roofing solutions is asphalt. Asphalt shingles are less expensive than other forms of roofing, yet they nevertheless provide long-term durability and dependability. Installing and maintaining them is also less expensive. That’s why homeowners in Greenville are always inclined to choose asphalt shingles!

3. Ain’t too heavy!

Because these shingles are so light, most residences already are prepared to handle their installation, making them an ideal choice for new construction. In order to withstand the weight of heavier tiles, like slate, the extra structural foundation must be put in place. Adding structural strength would not only raise the expense of the construction but will also take longer to implement.

4. The color and style of your dreams? Answered!

Asphalt shingles are available in a wide variety of styles and colors. There is something for everyone when it comes to patterns, hues, and sensations. For added depth and complexity, these roof tiles feature a shadowing tint and granular mix. Homeowners can choose asphalt shingles of color to complement every home design, whether it be brickwork, stucco, siding, or granite. There are so many different color options to choose from.

5. Ease of reconditioning

When asphalt shingles are used on the roof, you will not have to tear it apart to address the damage. Repairing a tiny problem and replacing a few shingles that have been broken or flown off is simple.

6. Installation procedure with ease!

Asphalt shingle assembly is rapid and easy compared to other roofing options. It is possible to complete certain asphalt shingle roofing projects in only one day. This means that your house won’t have to remain on a building site for a lengthy period! You just have to find a firm with a solid reputation for completing the work on schedule and at a high standard. One that will also get back to you for your routine and give you the peace of assurance that you are safe and protected beneath your roofing system in no moment.

With this, you can approach Mighty Dog Roofing in Greenville!

Find a quality roofing company for your Greenville home!

Greenville, South Carolina-based Mighty Dog Roofing has long provided quality asphalt shingles and other solutions to the community.

They can guarantee that your roof will survive for many years to come by using only high-quality materials and expert installation. As part of their service, they’ll make sure to include a roofing service that is properly vented to prevent moisture from damaging any of its components. The key to a lengthy roof is a well-insulated and well-circulated attic. So, if you want to choose asphalt shingles, make an appointment with them now to get your roof upgraded!

Top 10 Tallest Buildings and Structures in Japan

Japan is the country that ranks at the first position in the list of the top 10 countries for technological expertise in the whole world. It is an island country situated in East Asia and its capital is Tokyo. And the country that is the topmost in terms of technology, can not be imagined without skyscrapers. There are a lot of tall buildings and structures in Japan and it ranks among the top five countries in the world to have skyscrapers. Today we will take a glance at the top 10 tallest buildings and structures in Japan.

Note: All buildings are structures but all structures are not building. And also I would like to mention that the Azabudai Hills is the new building that is under construction, and it may be completed in October 2023, after completion it will be the tallest building in Japan.

1. Tokyo Skytree

Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. The height of the structure is 495 meters and with an antenna spire at the top, it reaches a height of 634 meters or 2080 feet. It is a broadcasting and observation tower located in Sumida, Tokyo. On 14th July 2008, the construction of this tower was started and on 29th February 2012, it was completed. But it was inaugurated on 22nd May 2012.

The tower consists of 32 floors above the ground level and 3 below the ground level. The estimated cost of this structure was 65 billion JPY. Currently, Tobu Railway is the owner of Tokyo Skytree. This structure is built in neo-futurism architectural style and its architect is Nikken Sekkei. Its main contractor and the developer are Obayashi Corporation and Tobu Railway respectively. Read Also: Tokyo Tower vs Tokyo Skytree.

2. Tokyo Tower

Tokyo Tower is the second tallest structure in Japan. This is situated in the Shiba-Koen district of Minato, Tokyo. It is japan based Eiffel Tower which is painted in white and international orange color. This tower is used for communication and observation purposes. The construction of Tokyo Tower was started in June 1957 and it was completed in 1958 with a construction cost of 8.4 million US dollars.

With a total floor count of 15, the structure has an architectural height of 333 meters or 1091 ft. Nikken Sekkei Ltd. was the firm behind the structural engineering work of the tower. Whereas, Takenaka Corporation was the main contractor of this structure. The Tokyo Tower company is the owner of this structure. Read Also: Tokyo Tower vs Eiffel Tower.

3. Abeno Harukas

Abeno Harukas is the tallest building in Japan and also the third tallest structure in the country. It is a multipurpose commercial building situated in Osaka, a popular city in Japan. The building stands with a height of 300 meters or 984 ft. The building has 60 floors above the ground level plus 5 floors below the ground level.

The construction work of the building was started in January 2010 and it was opened on March 7, 2014. The building contains a massive floor area of around 211,900.97 m² (2,280,900 sq ft). The owner of this build is Kintetsu, a japan based railway company.

4. Yokohama Landmark Tower

With a height of 296.3 meters or 972 feet, Yokohama Landmark Tower acquires the 2^nd spot among the top 10 tallest buildings in Japan and the 4th spot among the top 10 tallest structures in Japan as well. The building has a total of 73 floors and 3,151,580 sq ft of floor area in it which are used for multi-purposes. The first 48 floors are used for shops, clinics, offices, and restaurants. There is a five-star hotel in this tower on floor no. 49 to 70.

The construction of the building started on 20 March 1990 and it was opened on 16 July 1993. A total of 270 billion JPY was spent on the construction of the building. Mitsubishi Estate and Hugh Stubbins & Associates were the main architectural firm behind the construction of the building. Shimizu Corporation and Mitsubishi Estate were the main contractors for the building. Currently, Mitsubishi Estate is the owner of it. Read Also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the World.

5. Osaka Prefectural Government Sakishima Building and Rinku Gate Tower Building

It comes in the third position in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Japan, and fifth among the tallest structures. This building is also known as ‘Cosmo Tower’ and is situated in Osaka, Japan. Until June 2010, the building’s name was the ‘Osaka World Trade Center Building’.

This skyscraper has a height of 256 meters or 840 ft. It has 3 floors below the ground level and 55 floors above the ground level. It is basically a multi-purpose building as it is used for restaurants, offices, museums, etc. This skyscraper was built in the year 1995.

Rinku Gate Tower Building: Rinku Gate Tower Building is also the third tallest building in Japan as it also has the same height as the Osaka Prefectural Government Sakishima Building (256 meters or 840 ft). This skyscraper is situated in Rinku Town, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan. With a 102,900 m² (1,108,000 sq ft) floor area, this 56-story building was built at an estimated cost of JPY 66 billion.

Its construction work started in August 1992 and it was opened in August 1996. The building is used for multi-purposes like – offices, shopping malls, department stores, hotels, etc. Currently, the owner of the building is SiS International Holdings. Behind the architectural design of this skyscraper, Nikken Sekkei, Yasui Architects & Engineers were the main architectural firm.

6. Toranomon Hills

Toranomon Hills is the fourth tallest building in Japan and also the tallest building in Tokyo with a height of 255.5 m or 838 ft. In April 2011, the construction of this building was started and it was completed in 2014. Meanwhile, it was opened on June 11, 2014.

With a total floor count of 52 and 5 basement floors, the building has a 244,360 m² (2,630,300 sq ft) floor area. Obayashi Corporation was the main contractor and Nihon Sekkei was the main firm behind the architectural design of this building. Read Also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings In New York City.

7. Midtown Tower

It is the fifth tallest building in Japan. Midtown Tower is located in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo. It is a multipurpose building with an architectural height of 248.1 m or 814 ft. The construction work of this skyscraper was started in 2004 and was completed in 2007. The inauguration of this building was held on March 31, 2007.

The building consists of 54 floors above the ground level and 5 underground floors. Behind the construction of this tower, the main contractors were Takenaka Corporation and Taisei Corporation. Meanwhile, the structural engineer and the architectural firm were and “Nikken Sekkei Ltd” and “Skidmore, Owings & Merrill” respectively. The owner of this building is Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.

8. Midland Square

Midland Square is another skyscraper in Japan that is officially called Toyota-Mainichi Building. It is the sixth tallest building in Japan with a height of 247 meters or 810 feet. The building has a total of 47 floors with around 193,451 m² of floor area in total.

In January 2003, the construction work of the building was begun and in October 2006, it was fully completed. The building was opened in March 2007. Nikken Sekkei Ltd. designed the building in a modern architectural style. It is used for various purposes like – offices, retail, automobile showrooms, etc. Read Also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Spain.

9. JR Central Office Tower

JR Central Tower consists of two towers – one office tower and one hotel tower. The JR Central office tower is taller than the hotel tower. It has a height of 245 meters or 804 feet. It ranks seventh on the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Japan. The towers are located in the city of Nagoya, Japan.

The construction work of the building was started in 1990, and it was fully completed and opened in 2000. The two main architectural companies behind the design of the building were Taisi Corporation and Cohen Pedersen Fox.

10. Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building

Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building is the eighth tallest building in Japan with a height of 242.9 meters. It is located in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. The construction work of the building was started in April 1988 and was completed in December 1990. The building was opened in 1991.

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is the owner of the building. JPY 15 billion was the estimated construction cost of the building. With a total floor area of 195,764 m² [2,107,190 sq ft], this skyscraper consists of 48 floors. The main architect was Kenzo Tange, and the structural engineer was Kiyoshi Mutō. Read Also:

11. NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building

It is the ninth tallest building in Japan. The building stands with a height of 240 meters or 790 ft and including the antenna spire at the top, it gets a height of 272 meters or 892 ft. In this skyscraper, there are 27 floors above the ground level and 3 floors below the ground level.

In the year 1997, the construction of this building was started and it was completed in 2000. With a 51,122 m² (550,270 sq ft) floor area, the building was designed by Kajima Design.

12. Sunshine 60

“Sunshine 60” is another tall building in Tokyo, Japan. Standing at a height of 239.7 meters or 786 ft. This is the 10th tallest building in Japan. In July 1973, the construction of the building was started and in 1978, the building was fully completed. From the date of its completion, it was the tallest building in Asia, until 1985.

This building has 60 stories above the ground level and 5 stories below the ground level. With a total of 241,546 m² (2,599,980 sq ft) floor area, the building was designed by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Besides the developer of the building, Mitsubishi Estate Co. is its owner.

FAQ

Where is the world-famous Skytree Tower located?

World famous Skytree Tower is located in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. As of 2023, it is the tallest structure in Japan.

What skyscraper is the tallest structure in Japan?

Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. The height of the structure is 495 meters or 1626 feet, and 634 meters or 2080 feet including the antenna height.

What is the highest building in Japan?

Abeno Harukas is the highest/tallest building in Japan, located in Abeno-ku, Osaka. The height of this building is 300 meters. But, Abeno Harukas is the third tallest structure in Japan and the tallest structure in Osaka City.

What is the tallest building in Tokyo City?

At present time, Toranomon Hills is the tallest building in Tokyo City. The height of this building is 255.5 meters or 838 feet.

Read Also:

Tallest Buildings in the USA

Tallest Buildings in India

Tallest Buildings in the UK

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Australia as of 2023

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Australia

Australia is among the first countries in the world in which the growth of skyscrapers was seen. In Australia, the majority of the tall buildings are located in the eastern states with a few in the western states. So, let us take a look at the top 10 tallest buildings in Australia as of 2023. (Note: Here, only the top 10 tallest buildings in Australia are given, not the tallest structures in Australia).

1. Q1 Tower

Q1 Tower - Tallest Building in Australia

The Queensland Number One also known as Q1 Tower is the tallest standing building in Australia. The building is located in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is a residential building and it was the tallest residential building in the world from 2005 to 2011. Currently, the Q1 Tower ranks thirteenth on the list of the tallest residential buildings in the world. It is also the 2nd tallest building in the Southern Hemisphere.

The construction of the Queensland Number One started in 2002 and was completed and opened in 2005. The height of the building is 322.5 meters and the top floor of the building is at the height of 235 meters. There is a total of 78 floors above the ground level and 2 below it. The observation deck of the Q1 is located on the 77 and 78 floors at a height of 235 m and is known as SkyPoint.

The design of the building is inspired by the 2000 Sydney Olympics and the Sydney Opera House and was designed by SDG and The Buchan Group. The Sunland Group was responsible for the architect, development and construction of the building. The cost of the building was $ 255 million. Queensland Number One was declared a landmark building during the 150th birthday celebration of Queensland state.

2. Australia 108

Australia 108 is the second tallest building in Australia. It is a residential building and was previously known as 70 Southbank Boulevard. Australia 108 is located at 70 Southbank Boulevard, Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The construction of the building started in October 2015 and was completed in September 2020.

Australia 108 - second tallest building in Australia

The height of the Australia 108 is 316.7 meters making it the tallest building in Melbourne. There is a total of 100 floors in the building with one underground floor as well. Fender Katsalidis Architects is the firm that took responsibility for the design of this building.

The Developer of the building and the Services engineer are Aspial Corporation and Norman Disney & Young respectively. Brookfield Multiplex is the main contractor of the Australia 108. In the building, there is a total of 1,105 rooms. The cost of the building is estimated to be AUD 900 million. Read Also: Top 5 Tallest Buildings in Austria.

3. Eureka Tower

Eureka Tower is the third tallest building in Australia

Eureka Tower takes the third spot among the 10 tallest buildings in Australia. The building is mainly a residential building with an observation deck in it at a height of 285 m. Eureka Tower is located in Southbank, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The construction of the building started in August 2002 and in October 2006, its construction was fully completed.

Standing at a height of 297.3 meters, it was the tallest building in Melbourne from 2006 to 2019. Eureka Tower has a total of 91 floors with one floor below the ground level, the observation deck of the building is located on the 88th floor of the building.

The main architectural firm of the Eureka Tower is Fender Katsalidis. The building was developed by ‘Eureka Tower Pty Ltd’. The main contractor is Grocon, a privately owned company based in Melbourne city. In 2006 the estimated cost of the building was US$ 415 million.

4. Crown Sydney

The fourth spot in the list of the 10 tallest buildings in Australia is taken by Crown Sydney. The building is also known as One Barangaroo and it is used as a hotel, residential apartments, and a casino. It is located in Barangaroo, Sydney, Australia. Crown Sydney is the tallest building in Sydney.

In October 2016, the construction of the Crown Sydney was started and in December 2020, it was completed. On 28 December 2020, the building was opened. It stands at a height of 271.3 meters and its observation deck is at the height of 250 meters. Crown Sydney has a total of 75 floors of which 71 floors are above ground level and 4 floors are below the ground level.

WilkinsonEyre is the architecture firm that has designed this building. The structural engineer and main contractor of the building are Robert Bird Group and Landlease respectively. Crown Resort is the owner as well as the developer of the building. The estimated cost of the building is AUD$ 2.2 billion. In Crown Sydney, there are 350 hotel rooms along with 82 apartment rooms.

5. Aurora Melbourne Central

Aurora Melbourne Central is the fifth tallest building in Australia. It is the third tallest building in Melbourne and it is a residential building. Aurora Melbourne Central is located on La Trobe Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The plan for the building was first proposed in 2014, and in 2015, its construction was started. In 2019, the construction work of the building was completed totally.

The height of the Aurora Melbourne Central is 270.5 meters with a total of 84 floors in it. Elenberg Fraser was the architectural firm that designed the building. The development of the building was done by UEM Sunrise and the main contractor was Probuild. According to reports, the estimated cost of the building was AUD$ 730 million. It is estimated that there are 959 residential apartments along with 252 serviced apartments.

6. Brisbane Skytower

Brisbane Skytower is the sixth tallest building in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Australia. It is the tallest building in Brisbane and is a residential building. The Brisbane Skytower is located at 222 Margaret Street, Brisbane, Australia. The construction of the building started in 2012 and was completed in 2019. The height of the building is 269.7 meters or 855 feet. There are a total of 90 floors in the building.

The Brisbane Skytower has an infinity pool on the 89th floor making it the highest infinity pool in Australia. Noel Robinson Architects and Nettletontribe were the main architects of the building. The building was developed by Billbergia Group and AMP Capital and its structural engineer was ADG Engineers & Bonacci Group. The main contractor of the Brisbane Skytower is Hutchinson Builders. Read also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Chicago.

7. West Side Place Tower A

The seventh tallest building in Australia is West Side Place Tower A. It is a complex of four towers of which Tower A and B are completed and C and D are currently under construction. Tower A is the tallest among the four. The complex is located at 250 Spencer Street, Melbourne, Australia. The construction of Tower A started in 2014 after the project got approval, and in 2021, it was completed.

The building stands at a height of 268.7 meters. Tower A is a residential building and also a hotel. There is a total of 81 floors in the building. The architectural firm behind the architectural design of the whole West Side Place was Cottee Parker Architects. The developer and the engineer of the project are Far East Consortium and Winward Structures respectively. The whole complex was estimated to cost about AUD$ 1 billion after the plan was approved.

8. 120 Collins Street

120 Collins Street has acquired the eighth position among the top 10 tallest buildings in the world. It is the oldest building on the list as well. The building is located in Collins Street, Melbourne’s central business district, Victoria, Australia. In 1989 the construction of 120 Collin Street was started and after two years in 1991, its construction was completed.

Moreover, it is the tallest office building in Australia. 120 Collin Street is 265 meters tall and there is a total of 52 floors in the building. The building was designed by Hassell Daryl Jackson. Connell Wagner and Grocon were the structural engineers and the main contractor of the building respectively. The building is owned by Investa Property Group.

9. The One

The ninth spot in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Australia is taken by The One. It is a complex of three buildings which is known as the Brisbane Quarter. The three buildings serve three different purposes – one is a residential building and the other two are office and hotel buildings respectively.

Among the three, The One is the tallest with a height of 264 meters. The building is located at 300 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The construction of the complex started in 2015 and the construction of The One was completed in 2021. Meanwhile, the construction of the other two buildings was completed in June 2018 and October 2019. There is a total of 82 floors in the building.

Zenx Architects is the architecture firm that designed the whole Brisbane Quarter complex. The firms behind the development of the project are Shayher Group and Par Jar Group. Three engineering firms that were appointed for the construction of the complex are Floth Sustainable Building Consultants, Hera Engineering(Structural), and Bonacci Group(Structural). The estimated construction cost of the project is AUD 800 Million.

10. Salesforce Tower

The building that comes in the tenth spot in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Australia is Salesforce Tower. The building is the tallest commercial building in Sydney. In early 2022, the building topped out and became Australia’s 10th tallest building. The building is located in Circular Quay, Sydney, Australia. The construction of the building started in 2019 and it is estimated to be opened in mid-2022.

The Salesforce Tower is 263 meters high with a total of 53 floors. The building was designed by Foster + Partners which is a UK-based architectural firm. Lendlease is the firm that is the developer of the building. The naming right of the building was acquired by the software company Salesforce in 2019. The estimated cost of the building is AUD$ 1.5 billion.

Read Also:

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the UK

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the USA

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Germany

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mud Houses

A house made of mud is known as a mud house, it is cheap, easy to construct, and environment friendly. As it has some advantages, it also has some disadvantages.

Advantages of Mud Houses

The following are the advantages of mud houses:

1. Low Construction Cost

The construction process of mud houses is straightforward and requires minimal resources. Hence, the construction cost is low as compared to other construction.

2. Low Labour Cost

There is no need to hire skilled workers. Since the work is so simple that only unskilled or medium-skilled laborers are fine for such construction. Therefore, labor availability and minimum labor charges reduce the overall construction costs.

3. Low Material Cost

Mud is the main component/material that is required to build a mud house and cut straw and water are also required. All the above materials are easily available locally. As they are locally available, there is no need to lose money for transportation purposes as well.

4. Good Resistance to Fire

Mud is a fireproof material. Therefore, a mud house is well resistant to fire.

5. Good temperature insulation

This is one of the best reasons why you should choose a mud house. A mud house is like that they naturally make your house cool in summer and hot in winter. They have good heat insulation properties.

6. Good Sound-Proofing

Mud as a building material has good sound insulation properties. Mud houses can prevent sound press at an extent level through their wall.

Disadvantages of Mud houses

The following are the disadvantages of mud houses:

1. Heavy rainfall and drainage Problems

The most important factor that affects mud houses is poor drainage conditions. Mud can easily absorb water, and too much rain and poor drainage systems can harm mud houses. It may collapse during heavy rainfall if proper protection is not taken.

2. Maintenance

It is true that maintenance is required for every type of house. But, in the case of mud houses, frequent maintenance is required. Floors and walls should be washed frequently by using water and mud, sometimes using cow dunk instead of mud. Otherwise, cracks may be seen on the wall.

3. Large Space

Mud walls are thicker than brick walls, therefore it requires more space for the same room size as others.

4. Affected by insects and animals

Mud houses are easily affected by several types of insects and animals. Ants, rats, etc create pits in the wall and floor of your mud house and can finally damage your house.

Read Also:

Mud Flooring

Mud Plaster

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Germany as of 2023

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Germany

Germany is one of the most popular and beautiful developed countries in the European Continent. The capital of this country is berlin which is a beautiful city not only in Germany but also in the whole world. Though Germany is one of the most popular countries in the whole world, it is not generally known for skyscrapers. If we look top 10 tallest buildings in Germany, we will see that all the buildings are in Frankfurt city which is the most popular city in Germany. However, in this article, we will give a look at the top 10 tallest buildings in Germany as of 2023.

Name of the Building	Height	Floors	Location
1. Commerzbank Tower	259 meters or 850 feet.	56	Frankfurt, Germany.
2. Messeturm	257 meters or 843 feet	63	Frankfurt
3. Westendstrasse 1	208 meters or 682.4 feet	53	Frankfurt
4. Main Tower	200 meters or 656.2 feet	56	Frankfurt
5. Tower 185	200 meters or 656.2 feet	55	Frankfurt
6. ONE	190.9 meters or 626 feet	49	Frankfurt
7. Omniturm	189.9 meters or 623 feet	46	Frankfurt
8. Trianon	186 meters or 610.2 feet	45	Frankfurt
9. Seat of the European Central Bank	185 meters or 607 feet	48	Frankfurt
10. Grand Tower	179.9 meters or 590.2 feet	51	Frankfurt

List of the Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Germany

1. Commerzbank Tower

With a height of 259 meters(850 ft), Commerzbank Tower is the tallest building in Germany. It is located in Frankfurt, a central city in Germany. The tower gets a total height of 300.1 meters for an antenna spire with signal light at the top. The construction of the building started in 1994 and it was opened in 1997.

It had been the tallest building in Europe from its completion date 1997 to 2003 and from 1997 to 2011, the tallest building in the European Union. The estimated cost of this building was DM600 million. In this building, there is a total of 56 floors used for commercial offices.

The main contractor and architect of the building were Norman Foster and Hochtief AG respectively. The building is currently owned by Samsung Insurance Corporation.

2. Messeturm

The building that acquires the second position in the list of the tallest buildings in Germany is Messeturm, also known as Trade Fair Tower. The height of Messeturm is 257 meters or 843 feet. It is a 63 storey building with 2 additional floors below the ground level. It is another skyscraper or tall building that is located in Frankfurt city in Germany.

Its construction work began in July 1988 and was finished in October 1990 with a total construction cost of DM 500 million. Since its completion date, it was the tallest building in Europe until 1997. The owner of this skyscraper is Tishman Speyer Properties. The architect and the main contractor of Messeturm were Helmut Jahn and Hochtief AG respectively.

3. Westendstrasse 1

Westendstrasse 1 is the third tallest building in Germany with a height of 208 meters or 682 feet. The building is located in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. The building has consisted of 53 floors above the ground level and 3 floors below the ground level.

In 1990, the construction of the skyscraper was started and in 1993, it was completed. The estimated cost of the building is around 400 million US dollars. The building is mostly used for commercial purposes. The main architect firm that was behind the architectural design of the building was Kohn Pedersen Fox and the main contractor was Hochtief AG.

4. Main Tower

Main Tower is the fourth tallest building in Germany as well as Frankfurt with a height of 200 meters. It is located in the Innenstadt district of Frankfurt, Germany. There is a river called Main near this building and the tower is named after the river. Including the antenna spire on the top of the tower, the height of the building is 240 meters. The building has a total of 56 floors. There are five underground floors and two public viewing platforms in this building.

The construction of the Main Tower was started on 18 October 1996 and in less than three years, it was completed in March 1999. But the building was officially opened on 28 January 2000. Hochtief AG and Philipp Holzmann AG were the main contractors of the building. The estimated construction cost of the building is DM 700 million. The building is only used for commercial offices. Read Also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Spain.

5. Tower 185

Tower 185 also ranks 4^th in the list of the tallest buildings in Germany as it has the same height as the Main Tower. But we take this building at 5th position as it was built later than the Main Tower. The building is located in the Gallus district of Frankfurt, Germany. The height of the building is 200 meters (same as the Main Tower).

The building has a total of 55 floors including 2 floors below the ground level. In August 2008, its construction was started and in December 2011, the building was opened. This building is used for commercial purposes. The chief architect behind the architectural design of the building was Christoph Mackler.

6. ONE

In the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Germany, we have the building “ONE” in the sixth spot. The height of the building is 190.9 meters or 626 feet. This building was completed in 2022. There are 49 floors in this building and is used for both hotels (NH Hotel Group) as well as offices. The building consists of a public bar at a height of 185 meters as well.

7. Omniturm

Omniturm is the seventh tallest building in Germany as well as Frankfurt. It stands at a height of 189.9 meters or 623 feet. The construction of the building was done by the U.S. real estate company Tishman Speyer Properties.

The building has 46 floors in it. In 2017, the construction of the building was started, and it was opened in 2019. The owner of the Omniturm is Commerz Real. Bjarke Ingels Group was the architecture firm of the building.

8. Trianon

Trianon is another skyscraper in Frankfurt, Germany. It has a height of 186 meters making it the 8th tallest building in Germany. There are 45 floors in this building with 4 floors below the ground level. In the year 1990, the construction of this skyscraper was started and it was completed in the year 1993.

The building is used for commercial offices only. The headquarters of the DekaBank is situated in this building. The main architectural firms behind the architectural design of the building were Novotny Mähner Assoziierte, Hentrich Petschnigg & Partner and Albert Speer & Partner

9. Seat of the European Central Bank

With a height of 185 meters, this building is the ninth tallest building in Germany. Like all the skyscrapers in this list, the building is also located in the city of Frankfurt. This skyscraper is used for government offices and its owner is European Central Bank. The building consists of 48 floors in it.

The building has a height of 201 meters including the Antenna spire at the peak. The construction of the building started in 2010 and was completed in October 2014. But it was inaugurated on 18 March 2015. The estimated construction cost of this building is €1.4 billion.

10. Grand Tower

At the last spot in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in Germany, we have Grand Tower. Formerly known as Tower 2. Grand Tower is the tallest residential building in Germany. It stands with a height of 179.9 meters. There is a total of 51 floors in this building. In the year 2016, the construction of the building was started and in 2020, it was completed.

Read Also:

Tallest Buildings in the USA

Tallest Buildings in the UK

Tallest Building in the World

PVC Pipe Fittings Names – Your Know It All Guide!

Most people tend to blank up when it comes to PVC fitting names. I am sure that we’ve all been in this position and the situation is pretty similar to us. This blog post lists the PVC fitting names and their uses. Let’s jump into the main topic.

We can not make a pipe as long as we want, and also long pipes are not required everywhere. When we have to change the direction of the flow, then we have to cut them and join them. Therefore, to connect or regulate the flow we need pipe fittings. Pipe fittings are such things that help to maintain the continuity of the pipe. There are several types of pipe fitting that are usually used in plumbing systems.

PVC Fittings Names

Listed below are the most commonly used PVC pipe fittings names and the descriptions with uses to help you.

1. Tees

PVC tees are pipe fittings that have three ends; two of which are straight and the third which is on the side at a 90-degree angle. These allow a line to split into two with a 90-degree connection and can connect two lines into the main one.

Tees are often used for PVC structures, are extremely versatile fittings, and are widely used by plumbers. Most of them also come with slip sockets at the ends.

2. Elbows

If you need your piping machine to flip or get around something in the way, you’ll want to bend your pipeline around using a PVC elbow. Elbows are available in 90-degree and 45-degree angles that help you direct the pipe as per your need.

Side elbows are slightly different and are commonly used as corners for canopies, tents, shows, and bins. They have 3 ends, come with slip socket ends, and threaded variations.

3. Crosses

Crosses are a little less common sorts of fittings that feature 4 pipe sections (S x S x S x S) which meet at ninety-degree angles, forming a “plus” shape.

They are commonly used while constructing a framework using a PVC pipe, can add a brilliant deal of structural integrity to any framework, and are also used to divide fluid drift in different directions.

4. Couplings and Unions

These are simple sorts of PVC fittings. It is a small piece of fitting or device that is used to connect or “couple” two or more pipes together to support continuity between them and is generally permanent. They can connect pipe to pipe and pipe to a swedge. Couplings have a slip or girl-threaded ends, depending on what you need them for.

Unions are similar to couplings but they’re not used for permanent structures, but are frequently used in temporary structures with tent supports. These come with a ring inside which separates the 2 ends from each different for easy dismantling.

5. Caps and Plugs

Caps have a key feature and use – to stop the flow. They are fixed on the end of a pipeline which doesn’t need to be connected to another pipe and stop a pipeline or give access to a system when needed. They also can add a completed appearance to pipes in PVC building tasks. Caps cross round or outdoor the pipe, allowing you to have either a socket or lady-threaded stop.

Plugs, on the other hand, are similar to caps, but in place of preventing the flow in the pipe, they stop the flow in the fitting. This means they have either a spigot or a male-threaded end.

6. Adapters (Female and Male)

Adapters, also known as reducing couplings, are flexible fitting. These fittings are designed to exchange the end type of a pipe, allowing it to connect with fittings and pipes of many sizes.

These come with slip sockets or threaded ends to connect with an infinite sort of fittings and pipes. Adapters could be both either male or female threaded with an additional spigot or socket.

7. Bushings

These are similar to adapters with their focus on connecting different diameter pipes by reducing the fitting. Bushings also are normally threaded, which sets them apart from the other forms of fittings.

This permits for extraordinary sorts of connections and makes maintenance and pipeline customization less difficult. Bushings are frequently seen in landscaping and aquaculture applications because they paint higher with water than metal fittings that have a possibility of rust.

8. Nipples

Nipples are a PVC fitting where two female ends are connected in a PVC system. The fitting here is called the nipple which has two male-threaded ends.

Because a fitting consisting of this requires a tight shape, they may be maximum commonly made with schedule 80 PVC. However, they are still compatible with a schedule 40.

9. Flanges

These are fittings that allow the attachment of add-ons and other objects to the pipe and can also boost the strength of the pipe. The most common type is found at the bottom of a toilet.

These are disc-like fittings that create a tight seal with the help of bolts, wedge, clamps, or a compressive force. However, most flanges use bolts to sign up two surfaces. These are available with threaded or slip ends as the strength required is typically made from schedule 80 PVC.

To Conclude:

We hope the blog above has helped you learn the different PVC pipe fittings and their uses. These are primary parts that are covered for ease of understanding and complete knowledge of the fittings.

FAQs:

What are Tees PVC fittings?

What are plugs?

Plugs are similar to caps, but in place of preventing the flow in the pipe, they stop the flow in the fitting. This means they have either a spigot or a male-threaded end.

Read Also:

4 Ablution Fittings

2 Soil Fittings – Water Closets & Urinals

Jeddah Tower Vs Burj Khalifa – CivilNotePpt

Jeddah Tower Vs Burj Khalifa

In this article, I will discuss Jeddah Tower vs Burj Khalifa. Jeddah Tower and Burj Khalifa both are wonderful and remarkable structures. These two buildings give us excellent evidence of modern engineering and technology. The Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world at present time. Whereas, Jeddah Tower is the upcoming tallest building in the world. Let’s jump into the comparison of these two marvelous skyscrapers.

Burj Khalifa Building — Jeddah Tower Vs Burj Khalifa

Jeddah Tower

Breaking records is something that is very common in Middle east Asian countries. The Jeddah Tower is another engineering marvel which is going to become the tallest building and the only man-made structure to be more than 1km(1000m) tall. However, this time, the country which took this initiative is not the United Arab Emirates but Saudi Arabia.

The construction of the building started on April 1, 2013, but currently, after about one-third of the construction, the work is on hold. The building’s construction is the first phase in the creation of the Jeddah Economic City and the Jeddah Tower is its main attraction. The building is located on the northern side of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

After its construction, the Jeddah Tower is set to be used for varied purposes like – hotels, residential apartments, offices, an observation deck and retail. The exact height of the building is still not yet revealed but according to the reports, the minimum height will be 1000 meters or, 3280 ft or, 1 km. Moreover, according to many reports, the rooftop of the building is to be at least 1000 meters.

The top floor of the Jeddah Tower is to be at a height of 668 meters according to the plan with an observation deck at 652 meters. Moreover, estimates show that about 167 floors are to be there in the building after its completion.

The main architectural firm behind the design of this mammoth building is Adrian D. Smith, Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill Architecture and the architecture style is Neo-futurism. The Engineer and the structural engineer of the Jeddah Tower are Langan International and Thornton Tomasetti respectively. Saudi Binladin Group is the main contractor of the building.

The building is developed by Jeddah Economic Company which is also the owner of the Jeddah Tower along with Kingdom Real Estate Development. The management of the building is done by CBRE Group. The primary estimated cost for constructing the building is US$ 1.23 billion.

Once the construction of the Jeddah Tower is completed, it is going to be 180 meters taller than the Burj Khalifa which is the tallest building in the world at present. Moreover, a Four Season Hotel is also planned to be present in this building. Read Also: Tokyo Tower vs Eiffel Tower.

Burj Khalifa

Currently, the tallest building in the world is Burj Khalifa. The building is the tallest ever man-made structure ever constructed and since its opening, it has been among the most visited tourist destinations in the world. The building is located on Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

On January 6, 2004, the construction of the building was started and was completed on October 1, 2009, but the Burj Khalifa was finally opened on January 4, 2010. Thus it to a mere six years to construct such a huge building which could be amongst the most important achievements in the first decade of the 21st century.

Burj Khalifa is also a mixed-use building with offices, apartments, hotels, and malls in the building. The building stands at a height of 828 meters (2,717 feet, or 0.828 Km) with its tip being 829. 8 meters. The top floor of the tower is at a height of 585.4 meters, meanwhile, the observation deck of the building is at a height of 555.7 meters high. There are 154 floors plus 9 maintenance floors.

The main architect of the Burj Khalifa is Adrian Smith from the Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architecture firm. Bill Baker is the structural engineer of the building meanwhile. The main contractor is Samsung Construction and Technology. The estimated construction cost of the Burj Khalifa is US$ 1.5 billion. The owner of the building, Emaar Properties also has a mall near the building which is the biggest mall in the world.

FAQs

The following are some frequently asked questions and their answers:

→ Is Jeddah Tower the tallest building in the world?

Yes, Jeddah Tower will be the tallest building in the world if it is completed as planned. But, at present time, Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world.

→ Is Jeddah Tower Completed?

No, it is not completed yet. The present status is on hold.

→ Jeddah tower completion date?

Jeddah Tower’s completion date is not revealed. Currently work is stopped.

→ What is the Kingdom Tower?

Kingdom tower is an alternative name for Jeddah tower. Or we can say, the Jeddah tower is also known as the Kingdom Tower.

→ In which country Jeddah tower is Situated?

Jeddah Tower is situated in Saudi Arabia.

Read Also:

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in the USA

Burj Khalifa Vs One World Trade Center

Tokyo Tower vs Tokyo Skytree

Top 10 Cement Companies in the USA – Building Materials

Top 10 Cement Companies in the USA

In the present world cement industry is one of the largest and the most important industries. The United States contributes about 2.1% of the total cement produced all over the world. The USA comes in the fourth spot after China, India, and Vietnam in the production of cement. In the United States, most of the cement companies are subsidies by some multinational company which is from Europe and Central America.

Out of 50 States of the USA 34 states, there are cement manufacturing facilities. They are 96 integrated cement production plants and 8 plants are grinding plants. Usually, In a cement factory, 5 types of cement are produced; 1. Portland Cement, 2. White Cement, 3. Blended Cement, 4. Slag Cement and 5. Masonry Cement. However, Portland cement is the most used cement in the world so its production is also very high. So let’s take a look at some of the major players in the cement industry in the USA.

1. LafargeHolcim

LafargeHolcim is a Swiss multinational company who are specified in the manufacturing of building materials. It is one of the best cement companies in the US as well as in the whole world. The company is also known as Holcim Limited. The company is present in a total of 70 countries in the world. The company was established in the year 2015 when Lafarge and Holcim combined together and formed LafargeHolcim.

The headquarters of the company is located in Zug, Switzerland. There are a total of 2,315 places where the company’s operating sites are located throughout the whole globe. The products that the company produces are cement, aggregates, concrete, and all the other types of building materials. Jan Jenisch is the CEO of the company at present with Beat W. Hess being the Chairman.

In their company, there are a total of 70,000 employees all over the world. In the United States, LafargeHolcim has a total of 7000 employees and 13 cement-producing plants with a 22 million tonnes annual production capacity. There are three main production lines that produce cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, asphalt, and other materials. In the USA, the headquarter of the company is located in Chicago.

The company’s annual production capacity is around 380 million tonnes throughout the globe. Two major works that LafargeHolcim is part of in the United States are One World Trade Centre in New York and St. Croix Crossing Bridge. As per Forbes Global 2000, in 2020, the company ranked 280th spot in the list of the largest public company in the world.

2. CEMEX

Cemex is a building material manufacturing company that originally belongs to Mexico. It is a multinational company and is spread in more than 50 countries all over the globe. Cemex was ranked fifth, in 2020, in the manufacturing of building materials all over the world.

The company was founded by Lorenzo Zambrano Gutierrez in 1906. The headquarters of the company is located in Monterrey, Mexico. Rogelio Zambrano Lozano and Fernando A. González are the executive chairman and the CEO of the company respectively.

Building materials like – cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, fly ash, and slag cement are the main products of the company. CEMEX is spread over four continents and has 64 cement plants, 1,348 ready-mix concrete production plants, and many more minor plants and distribution hubs as well. Worldwide the annual cement production capacity of the company is about 93 million tonnes. The total number of employees in the company is more than 41000.

In the United States of America, CEMEX has a total of 10 cement plants and about 50 cement terminals which are located in very strategic locations. Moreover, there are 280 ready-mix concrete manufacturing facilities along with 50 more aggregate quarries as well.

Energy Management and sustainability is something that CEMEX USA is very regularly associated with because of its efforts towards it, and this has led the company to earn the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR® Partner of the Year award for back to back three years in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The company is very popular in Orlando and Arizona for its work and the concert volcano at the Universal Theme park is a project constructed by them.

3. Lehigh Hanson(Heidelberg Cement)

The company was founded in 1897 as Lehigh Cement Company. The first plant of the company was set up in Ormrod, Pennsylvania. The company flourished in the early 1900s as during that time there was a huge demand for cement for construction. The company kept on becoming big by acquiring smaller factories and increasing the production of cement at that time.

At that time, the company became the largest producer of cement and building materials in North America. In 1977, HeidelbergCement, a German company acquired Lehigh Cement Company and made it the subsidiary of one of the biggest building materials manufacturing companies. At present time, the Lehigh and Hanson businesses in the USA are collectively known as Lehigh Hanson, Inc.

Therefore, HeidelbergCement is the parent company of Lehigh Hanson, Inc. The parent company’s current Chairman and CEO are Dr. Dominik von Achten. Production of cement, aggregates, concrete, and asphalt is the company’s main domain.

The ground as a whole has its presence in about 60 countries with an employee count of about 57000. The company has 139 operational cement plants, more than 1,500 ready-mix concrete production facilities, and above 600 aggregate quarries.

However, in the United States, Lehigh Hanson has 13 cement plants and many more production units which deal with all the other building materials like ready-mix concrete, asphalt, etc. No doubt, it is one of the best cement companies in the USA at the present time. Read Also: Top 15 Construction Companies in the U.S. as of 2022.

4. Buzzi Unicem

One of the leading companies in the production of cement in the United States is Buzzi Unicem. The company is a multinational company and was founded in Italy. In 1907, the company was formed as Fratelli Buzzi SpA by two brothers Pietro and Antonio Buzzi. After that, the company was reformed in 1999 when Buzzi Cementi took over Unicem and combined together to form Buzzi Unicem. The original headquarter of the company is located in Casale Monferrato, Italy.

The company has currently two co-CEOs Pietro Buzzi and Michele Buzzi and Sandro Buzzi is the chairman of the company. In 2004, the parent company made its presence in the USA by merging with RC Cement and Lone Star Industries. In the United States of America, the headquarters of the company is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The company produces cement, concrete, and construction aggregates.

In the United States, there are a total of 8 cement production plants with a production capacity of 9 million tonnes of cement. Buzzi Unicem has a total of 34 cement terminals in the United States which helps in the distribution of its building construction products. The employee count of the company in the United States is 1,400.

The company provides masonry cement and ready-mix concrete to highway and airport paving firms, concrete block companies, and concrete product firms. Globally, the company operates in 14 countries( such as Italy, United States, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, etc.) and has a total of 10,000 employees.

5. Ash Grove Cement Company(CRH)

Ash Grove Cement Company is another company that ranks among the top in cement production in the United States. The company was founded in 1882 as Ash Grove White Lime Association in Ash Grove, Missouri. The company started cement production in 1908 at a manufacturing plant in Chanute, Kansas. Until 2018, the company was the largest cement company that was US-owned.

However, in 2018 CRH plc acquired the whole company whose headquarter is located in Ireland. Over the years the company has always been a major supplier in many infrastructure projects over the years. Portland Cement, fly ash cement, masonry cement, oil well cement, lime, aggregates, and soil stabilizer are the building materials that Ash Grove Cement Company produces in their manufacturing sites.

CRH, the parent company of the Ash Grove Cement Company is a multinational company and has its presence in 28 countries. The company is amongst the leading in cement manufacturing globally as well. There are about 77,000 employees of the parent company CRH in 3,235 locations that are currently under operation.

In 2021, 14.3 million tonnes of cement were produced by 12 Ash Grove cement manufacturing units in the USA. The Ash Grove Cement Company has 2,500 employees and there are 45 cement terminals throughout the USA. The company is an ISO-certified company as they adhere to the international standards for cement manufacturing which are set for the protection of our environment.

6. Martin Marietta Inc.

Martin Marietta Inc. is another American cement producer that has made its way into this list. The company was founded in 1993 in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. The company’s real origin dates back to 1939 when ‘Superior Stones’ company was founded which was an aggregate production factory.

After that, in 1959, Marietta Corporation bought the company and a year later merged with another company Glenn L. Martin Company which led to its name being changed to Martin Marietta Corporation. C. Nye is the CEO and the president of the company meanwhile Jim Nickolas is the CFO of the company.

The company manufactures building materials like – asphalt, cement, ready-mix, and aggregates cement-treated materials. Unlike the majority of companies in the list which are spread in so many countries around the globe, Martin Marietta is not so spread and is only available in Canada and the Caribbean island outside of the USA.

However, in the United States, the company is spread in 26 states. The company mainly provides its products for the construction of roads sidewalks and foundation work. According to 2019, the company had 8,714 employees.

7. Eagle Materials

Eagle Materials is another cement manufacturing company that is a fully USA-based company. The company is one of the major producers of building materials in the United States. In 1963, Centex Construction Company was founded and Eagle Materials was part of it with a different name which was Centex Construction Products.

However, on January 30, 2004, the company became independent and was renamed Eagle Materials. After becoming an independent company in May 2005, the announcement of a $65 million expansion of the LaSalle plant in Illinois was made. The Eagle Materials company kept on growing and in 2012, plants in Sugar Creek, Missouri, and Tulsa, Oklahoma were acquired from Lafarge for $446 million.

CRS Proppants LLC, a frac sand supplier was acquired in 2014 by the company for a sum of $225 million. Furthermore, another cement plant in Fairborn, Ohio was acquired by the company from Cemex for about $400 million. The building materials produced by the company are cement, concrete, construction aggregate, gypsum, wallboard, paperboard, and sand for hydraulic fracturing.

Currently, the CEO and President of Eagle Materials is David B. Powers. The company has 7 cement plants along with 17 cement distribution facilities. Moreover, there are many more facilities for the manufacturing of the other products like – 1 slag grinding plant, 5 gypsum wallboard units, 3 units for frac sand drying, and 6 locations for frac sand trans-load.

Over the year, it has been continuously upgrading and modernizing its facilities which have led to an increase in the production of different building materials. At present time, around 2,220 employees working for the company. The company has currently a total production capacity of 5 million tonnes of cement.

8. Argos Cement(Argo Group)

Argos Cement is a multinational building material manufacturing company that is originally from Colombia. The company is a part of a conglomerate known as Grupo Argos. Grupo Argos has invested largely in the cement and energy industries. The Agro group was founded in 1934 in Medellin, Colombia. Argos Cement has its operating locations in Colombia, the United States, Panama, Honduras, and the Caribbean.

The company has a total of 18 cement plants of which 11 are located in Colombia, 4 in the United States, and the rest are in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Panama. The four northeastern cement plants in Colombia are the ones that are responsible for the export of cement all over the world.

There are a total of 134 concrete production facilities in the United States with an annual capacity of 8.9 million cubic meters per year. The total number of mixers in the USA is 1,350. The company acquired the operation of the Lafarge in the southeastern USA. Through this acquisition, the company got 2 cement plants, one clinker grinding, and 79 concrete facilities as well. Argos Cement has received a Green Star certificate from the National ready-mix concrete associates.

9. St. Marys Cement

One of the major cement companies in the United States, St. Marys Cement is originally from Ontario, Canada. The company was founded by John Lind and Alfred Rogers. It is the major producer of building materials in the great lakes region. St. Marys Cement has a total of 6 cement production plants in the USA and Canada out of which 4 are in the USA and 2 are in Canada.

The production capacity of the company is 5 million metric tonnes. The company is a part of Votorantim Cimentos. Votorantim Cimentos is among the largest producers of cement in the whole world. Some of the major buildings that were built with the cement from the St. Marys Cement company are CN Tower, Roy Thompson Hall, Maple Leaf Garden, etc.

Top 10 Sanitaryware Manufacturing Companies in the USA

Top 10 Best Cement Companies in India

Top 10 Sanitaryware Manufacturing Companies in the USA

Following is the list of the top 10 sanitaryware manufacturing companies in the USA as of 2021 – 2022.

Company Name	Location/ headquarters	Founded
1. Kohler Co.	Wisconsin, U.S.	1873
2. American Standard	Piscataway, New Jersey, United States	1929
3. Duravit	Hornberg, Germany	1817
4. Niagara Corp	Flower Mound, Texas, U.S.	1977
5. Delta faucets	Indianapolis, Indiana, United States	1992
6. Saniflo	Edison, New Jersey, U.S	1958
7. Toto	Kitakyushu, Japan	1917
8. Moen	North Olmsted, Ohio, United States	1956
9. Zurn	Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S	1900
10. Mansfield Plumbing	Perrysville, Ohio, U.S	1929

1. Kohler Co

Kohler Co is one of the most popular brands in manufacturing sanitaryware as well as other homeware products. Their main products are Kohler Bardon urinals, Kohler bath and kitchen fixtures, showers, hand showers, toilets, Kitchen Sinks, touchless kitchen faucets, and traditional iron bath tubes. The company was founded in 1873 by John Michael Kohler.

Their products are the best in terms of quality which makes them the most reliable brand in the United States. The company is not only popular in North America but also in Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa as well. Kohler also provides some other accessories like water filters, vanities, mirrors, lighting, etc. Their products are available online on the big shopping site ‘Amazon’. Read Also: 4 Ablution Fittings.

2. American Standard

The place where you can get all types of bathroom and kitchen fittings is ‘American Standard’. Here you can find modern, innovative, and traditional kitchen and toilet fittings. Their past experience, new innovative ideas, and award-winning designs make them a reliable brand in the whole USA.

The company’s common products are electronic bidet seats, round and elongated toilets, bathtubs, bathroom sink faucets, bath-shower faucets, bathroom faucets, commercial Faucets, pull down & pull out kitchen faucets, touchless kitchen faucets, kitchen sinks, shower valves, toilet seats, urinals, kitchen & bathroom accessories, etc. They provide toilets that don’t clog and save water and also offer self-cleaning toilets as well.

3. Duravit

The bathroom products, sanitary fittings, and modern sanitary wares – all are really amazing that come from another well-known brand ‘Duravit’. Although, Duravit is a German-based bathroom fittings and sanitary ware manufacturer and supplier but also popular in the USA. It was founded in 1817, in Germany.

Their products are durable, clean and of excellent value for money. Their designs are so amazing that they can give your bathroom look to the next level. They also provide a wide variety of products, and their products are designed in such a way that it gives you the utmost comfort and also maintain hygiene.

Their common products are washbasins, bathroom furniture, bathroom faucets, In-wall tank and carriers, and other bathroom accessories. Duravit production facilities are also available in other countries like France, China, India, Istanbul, etc. Specifically, in North America, it is well-known as a bathroom fittings and accessories brand. Read Also: Best Online Furniture Stores.

4. Niagara Corp

Niagara Corp is a US-based manufacturing company, the company was founded in 1977 and is well known for its plumbing and sanitaryware products. Their products are durable and the best in quality, they produce green products like toilets and showerheads. They always try to invent new products by introducing new technologies. In 2009, the company introduced a stealth toilet that can flush soil and liquid by using combined air and water, which results in less use of water.

They also produce flapperless toilets. Hence, their engineering and use of technology in their products give them a next-level identity. Their products are eco-friendly and water conservative and less harmful to our earth. The company is also popular for its other products like, lighting fixtures, energy-efficient lighting, caulks, sealants, and weatherization product & materials.

5. Delta faucets

Delta faucets is an American manufacturing company founded in 1992. The company’s headquarters is located in Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. They provide plumbing fixtures and other kitchen and bathroom accessories for residential as well as commercial buildings. The company is well known for its wide variety of faucet products. They provide kitchen faucets and bathroom faucets in all categories.

Their products are so designed that they can help to manage the use of water. We can say that they are specialists in faucet products. But they also provide other products like – toilets, showers, sinks, and other accessories. Therefore, delta faucets are always the first or second choice for North Americans. You can buy their product from some popular online stores such as Amazon, Wayfair, Walmart, and Allmodern. Read Also: 2 Soil Fittings.

6. Saniflo

Saniflo is one of the best plumbing industries in the whole world. The company mainly provides drain pumps, toilets, bathroom fittings, kitchen and bathroom accessories, macerating and grinding pump systems, etc. The company was founded in 1958 and in 1970, they expanded its market throughout the world.

Now it has 25 subsidiaries and distributors throughout the world. They export their products to India, France, Cyprus, Malta, India, Norway, Israel, Bulgaria, the Middle East, Overseas France, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Greece, Sudan, Finland, etc.

7. Toto

Toto is a Japan-based manufacturer. It was founded in 1917, and now it is one of the world’s largest toilets manufacturer. With a minimalist design and advanced cleaning options, Toto acquires its position in the list of the top 10 sanitaryware manufacturers in the USA. The company’s main products are toilets, faucets, touchless faucets, showers, and flotation tubs.

The highest level of cleaning, the addition of new technology, and the protection of the environment are the main priorities of this company. Instead of the USA, their products are also sold in other countries like – China, India, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and also in European countries.

8. Moen

Moen is an American faucet manufacturer. The company Moen was founded in 1956 by Alfred M Moen. The company always focuses on the water conservatives system. Moen is a brand that is well-known for its modern and luxurious faucets products. Moen is not only a popular brand in the USA but also the whole world. They provide sensor products as well. Their uniquely designed and beautifully looked products really give you a wave of peace in your mind.

Their products are so durable that they last a lifetime. We can say Moen is one of the best faucet brands in the USA. The company provides kitchen and bath faucets, head showers, kitchen sinks, bath safety products, and other bath and kitchen accessories. The company’s headquarters is located in North Olmsted, Ohio, United States. You can buy their product online through these stores – Amazon, Wayfair, doit best, True Value, Bed Bath and Beyond, etc.

9. Zurn

Zurn is another best sanitary wares manufacturer. The company is well known for its water solution services. The company was founded in 1900 by John A. Zurn as a small shop in a barn. Starting from a door manufacturer, today it has become the most popular brand in the field of valves and plumbing products in the country of the United States. It may be commercial, residential, or municipal, they provide sustainable products that can help to reduce the wastage of water.

The company always considered the importance of water, therefore they designed their products in such a way that can manage the use of water in a proper way. The commonly provided products are several types of valves, drain and drain accessories, fixtures, sinks, showers, sensor faucets, hand dryers, etc. No doubt, Zurn is one of the best sanitaryware manufacturers in the USA at present time.

10. Mansfield Plumbing

Mansfield Plumbing is a popular manufacturer of sanitaryware. They produce toilets made in the USA. The company was founded in 1929. The company’s headquarters is located in Perrysville, Ohio, U.S. They produce top-quality and perfectly designed plumbing fixtures and fittings for residential, commercial, as well as institutional uses.

Top 10 Sand & Gravel Producers in the USA

Top 15 Construction Companies in the USA

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in China as of 2023

Top 10 Tallest Buildings in China

Let’s take a look at the 10 tallest buildings in China, the country with the most skyscrapers in the world at present. Although the construction of skyscrapers started in the USA, presently China tops the chart. After the economic reform that happened in China in 1978, the county was attracted to the construction of mega infrastructure projects. This willingness to build something huge has been the main motivation for the country and still is.

Currently, there are about 2600 tall buildings or skyscrapers in China that are 150 meters or above high. Even the list of the 10 tallest buildings in the world is also dominated by China. By the way, how the country is getting bigger economically none of the countries in the world certainly stands a chance of ever overcoming China in the near future. As of 2023, the top 10 tallest buildings in China are as follows.

Position/ Name of the Building	Opened Year	Height	Floor	Location
1. Shanghai Tower	2015	632 m or, 2,073 ft.	128 (Plus 3 below ground level).	Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai.
2. Ping An International Finance Centre	2017	599.1 m or, 1,966 ft.	120 (Plus 5 below ground level).	Futian District, Shenzhen.
3. Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre	2016	530 m or, 1,739 ft.	111 (Plus 5 below ground level).	Tianhe District, Guangzhou.
3. Tianjin CTF Finance Centre	2019	530 m or, 1,739 ft.	97	Tianjin
4. CITIC Tower/ China Zun	2018	527.7 m or, 1,731 ft.	109 (Plus 8 below ground level).	Chaoyang District, Beijing.
5. Shanghai World Financial Center	2008	492 m or, 1,614.2 ft.	101	Pudong, Shanghai.
6. International Commerce Centre	2010	484 m or, 1,587.9 ft.	108 (Plus 4 below ground level).	Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong.
7. Wuhan Greenland Center	2022(Estimated completion).	475.6 m or, 1,560 ft.	97 (Plus 6 below ground level).	Wuhan.
8. Changsha IFS Tower 1	2018	452 metres or, 1,482.9 ft	95	Furong District, Changsha.
9. Suzhou International Financial Square	2019	450 m or, 1,476 ft	95	Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu.
9. Zifeng Tower	2010	450 m or, 1,476 ft	89	Nanjing
10. Wuhan Center Tower	2019	438 m or, 1437 ft	88	Jianghan District, Wuhan.

Table: List of Top 10 Tallest Buildings in China.

1. Shanghai Tower

The list of the top 10 tallest buildings in China opens with Shanghai Tower on the top spot. It ranks in the third spot on the list of the tallest buildings in the world. Although, it is assumed that the Shanghai Tower will lose its position from 2nd, and it may rank 3rd in the list of tallest buildings in the world after the completion of the Merdeka 118 building this year.

The location of the building is Yincheng Middle Road, Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai. The construction of the Shanghai Tower began on 21 November 2008 and was completed in September 2014, but the grand opening of the building was done on 2 February 2015. The building is used for multiple purposes.

The height of the Shanghai Tower is 632 meters or 2073 feet. There are 128 floors above the ground level with 3 floors below the ground level as well. There is an observation deck at a height of 562 m, and it was officially opened for public use on April 26, 2017.

The main architect of the building is Marshall Strabala & Jun Xia. Thornton Tomasetti, Cosentini Associates, I.DEA Ecological Solutions were the engineering organisations of the building. The main contractor of the building was Shanghai Construction Group. The estimated cost of the Shanghai Tower is CN¥ 15.7 billion. The building is owned by Shanghai Tower Construction and Development.

2. Ping An International Finance Centre

The second tallest building in China is Ping An International Finance Centre. It is located in Yitian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It is the tallest building in Shenzhen. The construction of the building started in 2010 and on March 28, 2017, the building construction was fully completed.

The building is solely used for office purposes. Ping An International Finance Centre is 599 meters high and it has also an observation deck which is at a height of 562 meters as same as Shanghai Tower. In the building, there are a total of 120 floors along with 5 more floors below the ground level. The building was designed by the famous architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates.

The structural engineer of the building was Thornton Tomasetti. Ping An Life Insurance Company of China are the owner of the building as well as the developer of it. All the construction work of Ping An International Finance Centre was done by China Construction First Building Group. The estimated cost of the building is around US$ 1.5 billion. Read Also: Top 10 Tallest Buildings in Dubai.

3. Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre & Tianjin CTF Finance Centre

Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre is the third tallest building in China. It is also the eighth tallest building in the world. The building is located in Zhujiang East Road, Zhujiang New Town, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. It is also known as Guangzhou Twin Tower 2 or East Tower. On September 29, 2009, the construction of the building was started and the construction finished in October 2016.

The height of the Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre is 530 meters or 1739 ft. In the building, there are 111 floors above the ground with a further five below the ground level. The building is used as a multi-purpose building. The building has an underground shopping mall which is connected by public transportation. The building has a massive floor area of around 507,681.0 m2.

Kohn Pedersen Fox is the architecture firm that has designed the building. New World Development and Arup Group are the developers and the structural engineer of the building respectively. However, the main contractor of the building is China State Construction Engineering. In the building, there are 355 apartments and 251 hotel rooms.

The Tianjin CTF Finance Centre is also the third tallest building in China according to the height. It is located in Binhai New Area, Tianjin, China. It is also a multi-purpose building. The construction of the Tianjin CTF Finance Centre started on November 20, 2009, and was completed almost after a decade in 2019.

The height of the building is 530 meters same as that of Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre. There are 97 floors in total in the building which makes it the tallest building with less than 100 floors. The architecture firm which is responsible for the design of Tianjin CTF Finance Centre is Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP in collaboration with Ronald Lu & Partners.

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP and New World Development are the structural engineers and the developer of the building respectively. China Construction 8th Engineering Division is the company that was the main contractor of the building. The tower is owned by Tianjin New World Huan Bo Hai Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. In the building, there are a total of 266 apartments and 365 hotel rooms as well.

4. CITIC Tower/ China Zun

CITIC Tower ranks 4th in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in China. Also, known as China Zun it is the tallest building in China’s capital Beijing. The building is constructed in modern style and is located in Guanghua Road, Beijing CBD, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. The construction work of the building started on 19 September 2011, and in 2018, it was fully completed.

CITIC Tower is 527.7 meters tall with a total of 109 floors with further 8 floors below the ground. It is a multi-purpose building and there are about 300 hotel rooms and 20 floors which are luxury apartments. TFP Farrells, KPF and BIAD are the three different architectural firms that were responsible for the design of the building. The developer of this building was the CITIC Real Estate. Arup Group is the one who was the structural engineer of the company.

5. Shanghai World Financial Center

The fifth place in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in China is taken by Shanghai World Financial Center. It is a multi-purpose building as we can find a hotel, office, museum, observation deck, and retail all in the same building. The Shanghai World Financial Center is located on Century Avenue, Pudong, Shanghai, China.

The construction of the building started way back on 27 August 1997 and was completed in 2008. The height of the building is 492 meters or 1614 feet. Back in 2008, after the construction of the building was completed, it was regarded as an engineering marvel because of the building’s unique structure. There are a total of 101 floors with 3 floors below the ground level. The observation deck of the building is located at a height of 474 meters.

Kohn Pedersen Fox was the architect behind the design of the Shanghai World Financial Center. Mori Building Co. was the developer of the building and the structural engineer of the building was Leslie E. Robertson. The main contractors of the building were China State Construction Engineering Corp and Shanghai Construction General Co. The estimated cost of the building is US$ 1.20 billion and it is owned by Shanghai World Financial Center Co., Limited.

6. International Commerce Centre

International Commerce Centre is the 6th tallest building in China. It is a commercial building with offices and hotels in it. The building is located in Austin Road West, West Kowloon, Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong. The construction work on the building was started in the year 2002 and was completed in 2010. The height of the building is 484 meters and there are 108 total floors. The observation deck of the building is located at a height of 387.8 meters.

Three architecture firms Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, Belt Collins & Associates, and Wong & Ouyang (HK) Ltd. worked on the design of the International Commerce Centre. Sun Hung Kai Properties were the developer of the building. The structural engineer was the Arup Group. Meanwhile, the main contractor of the building was Sanfield Building Contractors Limited.

7. Wuhan Greenland Center

Wuhan Greenland Center ranks in the seventh spot in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in China. It is also known as Greenland Center. The building is used for hotels, service apartments and offices. Wuhan Greenland Center is located in Linjiang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China. The construction of the building began on 28 June 2012 and was completed in 2022. The building is 475.6 m or, 1,560 feet tall and there are a total of 97 floors with 6 more floors below the ground level.

The architecture firm Adrian Smith and Gordon Gill Architecture were behind the design of the building which is a modern style. The Greenland Group are the developer of the building. Meanwhile, the structural engineer of the building was Thornton Tomasetti. China State Construction Engineering and Greenland Group were the main contractors for the building. The building is owned by Wuhan Greenland Bin Jiang Property and its estimated cost is US$ 4.5 billion.

8. Changsha IFS Tower 1

The building that comes in the 8th position in the list of the top 10 tallest buildings in China is Changsha IFS Tower 1. It is also known as the Hunan Province Twin Towers. The building is with another building making it a twin-tower complex. Changsha IFS Tower 1 is located in Furong District, Changsha, Hunan, China. The construction work of the building started in 2013 and within five years in 2018, the building was completed. The building stands at 452 meters above ground level with a total of 95 floors.

The architecture firm behind the design of the Changsha IFS Tower 1 was Wong & Tung International Limited. The structural engineer of the building was East China Architecture Design & Research Institute. The main contractor of the building was China Construction Second Engineering Bureau Limited. The other tower of the complex stands at a height of 315 meters. The Changsha IFS Tower 1 is owned by The Wharf(Holdings).

9. Suzhou International Financial Square

Suzhou International Financial Square is the ninth tallest building in China. It is located in Suzhou Industrial Park, Jiangsu, China and gives a clear view of Jinji Lake. The construction of Suzhou International Financial Square started in 2012 and was completed on December 30, 2012, and was completed in 2019. The height of the building is 450 meters above the ground with a total of 95 floors in the building.

The building is a multi-purpose one as one will find hotels, apartments and offices in it. Wong & Tung International Limited and Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates are the architecture firms that have designed the building. The development of the building is done by Suzhou Gao Long Property Development Co., Limited. The owner of Suzhou International Financial Square is The Wharf (Holdings).

10. Wuhan Center Tower

The Wuhan Center Tower takes the final spot on the list. The building is located in Wang Jiayun CBD, Jianghan District, Wuhan, Hubei, China. The construction work of the building started on December 10 2011 and was finally completed in 2019. The height of the building is 438 meters with a total of 88 floors. The building is used as a multi-purpose building.

The major architecture firm of the building is East China Architectural Design & Research Institute (ECADI). The structural engineering and the main contractor of the building are East China Architectural Design & Research Institute and China State construction engineering respectively. Oceanwide Holdings is the developer and the owner of the building. This is the first building in Wuhan which is more than 400 meters high.

Read Also:

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Parameter	Jeddah Tower	Burj Khalifa
1. Image
2. Present Status	On hold.	Completed.
3. Location	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.	Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
4. Height	It will be at least 1000 m or, 3,280 ft, or 1 Km high.	828 m or, 2,717 ft, or 0.828 Km.
5. Number of Floors	167 (If completed as planned, the number of floors will be 167).	163
6. Construction Started	April 1, 2013.	January 6, 2004.
7. Construction Completed	Not revealed.	October 1, 2009.
8. Construction Opened	Not revealed.	January 4, 2010.
9. Top floor height	The top floor height will be 668 m or, 2,192 ft (If completed as planned).	585.4 m or, 1,921 ft.
10. Observatory	It will be 652 m or, 2,139 ft (If completed as planned).	555.7 m or, 1,823 ft.
11. Lifts/elevators	59	57
12. Architectural style	Neo-futurism.	Neo-futurism.
13. Owner	Jeddah Economic Company; Kingdom Real Estate Development.	Emaar Properties.
14. Cost	$1.23 Billion USD.	$1.5 Billion USD.
15. Main contractor	Saudi Binladin Group.	Samsung C&T.
16. Structural engineer	Thornton Tomasetti.	Bill Baker.
17. Old name or Alternative name	Kingdom Tower.	Burj Dubai or, Khalifa Tower.
18. Country	Saudi Arabia.	United Arab Emirates.