Category: TECHNOLOGY

Why is Engineering Important to Society?

Did you ever consider how much engineering is influencing our society? Or, are you one of those people who doesn’t realize that our daily life is improving with the advancement of engineering? In reality, we can’t live without engineering.

Many mistakenly believe that engineers only work in mining and large manufacturing companies. However, this isn’t the truth. In any factory, business, or laboratory, you will find one or more types of engineers. This is a summary of the importance of engineering to society.

Engineering Explained

First of all, you need to understand what engineering is all about. Engineering is actually a profession in which scientific knowledge and experiments are being used to create new, modern stuff. These products and services are to the benefit of all people.

This isn’t just about building bridges, working in mines, and constructing large businesses. In the medical environment, when technology is upgrading and even with your makeup and computer. Everything starts in the engineering laboratory.

There are a huge number of different engineers in the workplace. Not only do they need to be qualified, but they need to be sharp and always looking for a new method of doing something. The only thing that different engineers have in common is the years they spend studying at a university.

You can’t become an engineer without the proper education. You will study first as an engineer, then you will get your degree in a specific engineering field.

Engineering is the Reason for our Modern World

Did you know that engineering and companies like Bendtech Defence, are the reason for our modern world? As engineers find a new product or an upgrade to a previous product, our world is getting more modern.

The vehicles that we are driving each day are a lot more modern than 10 years ago. Why? Because of the engineering studies that were made to make vehicles easier to drive, faster on the road, and more affordable.

Our buildings, watches, aircraft, and even roads are all because of engineering. Engineering discoveries to make our lives easier and safer. Without engineering studies, we would still drive old-looking cars that are hard to turn and that cause death during an accident. Or, we will still be using pen and paper instead of the laptops, smartphones, and tablets that we have today.

Engineering Linked to Technology

Did you know that technology is linked to engineering? That the technology that is improving and changing is all thanks to engineers in the tech labs. Every new item that you are using in your home, from smartphones to computers and mp3 players, was through the hands of an engineer.

If it wasn’t for an engineer, we would never have cell phones or smartphones in the first place. This is the same with any technology. If you are working in a tech lab, you are basically an engineer designing new products and features.

Healthcare is Thanks to Engineering

Our healthcare systems are improving and getting better. Think about the medicine you are using today, and what you used a couple of years back. Especially with illnesses like HIV, cancer, and Covid 19. As the engineers are working in the labs, testing new medicine and creating new medical devices, they are improving our healthcare. But, they are engineers and not doctors or medical personnel.

We don’t always think about the medical invention that we are using today. And, without it, thousands of people would have died from illnesses that would have been more dangerous.

New Things to Come Because of Engineering

Think about technology or inventions that we only dream about. Things that we don’t think will ever work. This might not work today or tomorrow, but thanks to engineering, it might work in 5 to 10 years. Then illnesses can be treated a lot more, robots will do more things without the assistance of humans, and we might even go more digital than what we already are.

Through designing and testing different products, Engineers introduce several life-saving things and make our everyday life so much easier. Something that you might think is impossible, might just be the “next new thing” everyone is raving about.

Engineering, is a part of our society, each and every day. Is this really possible? How can an engineer be part of the smartphone-making process? Or the engineer that works in the mining industry, is now creating the best protection gear in the mining industry.

There are many reasons why engineering is a part of our society. Without it, no new product would come. Even the older product will be outdated in the market if it is not modified by engineers. This can be a great career if you are interested in finding out how things work and if you want to improve your day-to-day living.

Find the cement bags, sand(CFT) & aggregate in M20, M15 concrete

Calculate the Quantity of Cement, Sand & Aggregate in M20 Concrete

First of all, I want to assure you that it is very easy to determine the quantity of sand, cement, and aggregate in M20, M15, and M10 Concrete. So take a look carefully and will easily be understood.

Let’s take some examples,

Example: 1

Let’s assume that the volume of total concrete(wet concrete) required for a particular work is 2 m³. Now find out the quantity of cement, sand, and aggregate.

Solution:

In the case of M 20 concrete, the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate is 1: 1.5: 3.

Dry volume of concrete = wet volume of concrete × 1.54 [ You can take this factor from 1.54 to 1.57 ]

Hence, the dry volume of concrete is = 2 × 1.54 = 3.08 m³

➤ The required quantity of cement is = (Cement ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{1}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 3.08[/latex] = 0.56 m³

How do you calculate cement in bags?

First of all, we need to calculate it in kg. We know that the density of cement is 1440 kg/ m³. Therefore, 0.56 m³ cement means 0.56 × 1440 = 806.4 kg cement.

In general, each bag of cement weight is 50 kg.

So, the required number of cement bags are = 806.4 ÷ 50 = 16.12 ≈ 17 No.s.

➤ Quantity of sand required = ( Sand ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{1.5}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 3.08[/latex] = 0.84 m³

How do you calculate sand in CFT?

Our total quantity of sand is 0.84 in m³, but in CFT(cubic feet) it will be ( 0.84 × 35.31) = 29.66 ≈ 30 CFT( cubic feet) [ Note: 1 m³ = 35.31 CFT or cubic feet ]

➤ Quantity of aggregate is = ( Aggregate ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{3}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 3.08[/latex] = 1.68 m³.

How do you calculate aggregates in CFT?

We know, 1 m³ is equal to 35.31 CFT. Therefore, 1.68 m³ aggregate means 1.68 × 35.31 = 59.32 ≈ 60 CFT.

Example: 2

A section of footing is given below. Find out the quantity of cement sand and aggregates required for this footing.

Quantity of Cement, Sand & Aggregate in M20 Concrete

Solution:

At first, we need to calculate the total volume of concrete required for this footing. The total volume of concrete is equal to the total volume of footing.

So, the total volume of concrete is = 1 × 7 × 6 = 42 cubic feet.

Dry volume of concrete will be = 42 × 1.54 = 64.68 cubic feet.

In the case of M20 concrete,

➤ The Quantity of cement required for this footing is = [latex]\frac{1}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 64.68 [/latex] = 11.76 cubic feet. Or, 0.33 in m³ [ Note: 1 m³ = 35.31 CFT or cubic feet]

The weight of cement = 0.33 × 1440 = 475.2 kg. Or, 475.2/50 = 9.50 ≈ 10 No.s bags.

➤ Quantity of sand required = [latex]\frac{1.5}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 64.68 [/latex] = 17.64 cubic feet or CFT .

➤ The Quantity of aggregate required = [latex]\frac{3}{(1 + 1.5 + 3)} \times 64.68 [/latex] = 35.25 CFT.

Calculate the Quantity of Cement, Sand & Aggregate in M15 Concrete.

Now, we will calculate the quantity of cement and aggregate in M15 Concrete. Let’s take an example,

Example:

Let’s assume that the volume of total concrete(wet concrete) required for a particular work is 1 m³. Now find out the quantity of cement, sand, and aggregate.

Solution:

In the case of M15 concrete, the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate is 1: 2: 4.

Dry volume of concrete = wet volume of concrete × 1.54

Hence, the dry volume of concrete is = 1 × 1.54 = 1.54 m³

➤ The required quantity of cement is = (Cement ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{1}{(1 + 2+ 4)} \times 1.54[/latex] = 0.22 m³

0.22 m³ cement means 0.22 × 1440 = 316.8 kg cement.

In general, each bag of cement weight is 50 kg.

So, the required number of cement bags are = 316.8 ÷ 50 = 6.33 ≈ 7 No.s.

➤ Quantity of sand required = ( Sand ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{2}{(1 + 2 + 4)} \times 1.54[/latex] = 0.44 m³

Our total quantity of sand is 0.44 in m³, but in CFT(cubic feet) it will be ( 0.44 × 35.31) = 15.53 ≈ 16 CFT( cubic feet) [ Note: 1 m³ = 35.31 CFT or cubic feet ]

➤ Quantity of aggregate is = ( Aggregate ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{4}{(1 + 2 + 4)} \times 1.54[/latex] = 0.88 m³.

We know, 1 m³ is equal to 35.31 CFT. Therefore, 0.88 m³ aggregate means 0.88 × 35.31 = 31.07 ≈ 32 CFT.

Calculate the Quantity of Cement, Sand & Aggregate in M10 Concrete.

Now, we will calculate the quantity of cement and aggregate in M10 Concrete. Let’s take an example,

Example:

Let’s assume that the volume of total concrete(wet concrete) required for a particular job is 3 m³. Now find out the quantity of cement, sand, and aggregate.

Solution:

In the case of M10 concrete, the ratio of cement, sand, and aggregate is 1: 3: 6.

Dry volume of concrete = wet volume of concrete × 1.54

Hence, the dry volume of concrete is = 3 × 1.54 = 4.62 m³

➤ The required quantity of cement is = (Cement ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{1}{(1 + 3+ 6)} \times 4.62[/latex] = 0.462m³

0.22 m³ cement means 0.462× 1440 = 665.28 kg cement.

In general, each bag of cement weight is 50 kg.

So, the required number of cement bags are = 665.28 ÷ 50 = 13.3 ≈ 14 No.s.

➤ Quantity of sand required = ( Sand ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{3}{(1 + 3 + 6)} \times 4.62[/latex] = 1.386 m³

Our total quantity of sand is 1.386 m³ , but in CFT(cubic feet) it will be ( 1.386 × 35.31) = 48.93 ≈ 49 CFT( cubic feet) [ Note: 1 m³ = 35.31 CFT or cubic feet ]

➤ Quantity of aggregate is = ( Aggregate ratio ÷ Sum of all ratio) × Total volume of concrete = [latex]\frac{6}{(1 + 3 + 6)} \times 4.62[/latex] = 2.77 m³.

We know, 1 m³ is equal to 35.31 CFT. Therefore, 2.77 m³ aggregate means 2.77 × 35.31 = 97.8 ≈ 98 CFT.

Types of Aggregates

Different Types of Cement Tests

15 Types Of Concrete Classification- According to specification | level of control | binding materials | design | purpose

What is Concrete?

When a binding material (cement or lime), fine aggregate (sand or surkhi), coarse aggregate such as crushed stone, broken bricks, etc. and water are mixed in suitable proportion, they form an easily workable mix, known as plastic or green concrete. When this plastic concrete becomes hard like a stone, this is termed as hardened concrete or simply as concrete.

Classification of Concrete

The concrete is classified as given below :

1) According to specification

a) Nominal mix concrete

The concrete which is prepared according to prescriptive specification i.e. the proportion of constituents and their characteristics is termed as nominal mix concrete.

b) Designed mix concrete

The concrete which is prepared according to performance-oriented specifications i.e. strength, workability, etc. is termed as designed mix concrete.

2) According to the level of control

a) Controlled concrete

Controlled concrete is that concrete, in which the preliminary test is conducted for designing the mix. In addition, to mix proportioning, level of control is also exercised in the selection of materials batching, mixing, transportation, compaction and curing along with necessary checks and tests for quality acceptance.

b) Ordinary concrete

Ordinary concrete is one where no preliminary tests are performed for designing the mix.

3)According to binding materials

a) Cement concrete

The concrete consisting of cement, sand and coarse aggregate mixed in suitable proportion in addition to water is called cement concrete.

b) Lime concrete

The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate mixed in suitable proportion in addition to water is called lime concrete. The strength of this concrete is less but it is cheaper than cement concrete.

4) According to design

a) Plan cement concrete.
b) Reinforced cement concrete.
c)Pre-stressed concrete.

5) According to purpose

a) Vacuum concrete.
b) Air entrained concrete.
c) Lightweight concrete.
d) Sawdust concrete.
e) High early strength concrete.
f) White and coloured concrete.

Read More:

Grade Of Concrete

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material consist of conventional concrete reinforced with fine fibers. The commonly used fibers are steel fibers, glass fibers, organic polymers fiber etc.

Plain concrete is weak in tension and has a low resistance to cracking. This weakness can be removed by the inclusion of fibers in the concrete mix.

The fibers help to transfer loads at the internal micro cracks. The commonly used fibers are steel fiber, glass fiber, organic polymers fiber, etc. Naturally occurring asbestos fibers and vegetable fibers are also used.

It is suitable for construction of hydraulic structures, airfield, lining works, highway pavements etc.

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Lightweight Concrete

Polymer Concrete

High Density and High Strength Concrete

What is Polymer Concrete In Details And Their types & Uses?

What is Polymer Concrete

The conventional concrete is porous due to air voids, water voids, or the inherent porosity of the gel structure itself. On account of the porosity, the strength of concrete is naturally reduced.

The process like vibration, pressure application, etc. is generally adopted to reduce porosity, But none of these methods could really help to reduce the water voids and the inherent porosity of gel.

The impregnation of monomer and subsequent polymerization is the latest technique adopted to reduce the inherent porosity of the concrete. Such type of concrete is known as polymer concrete.

Types of Polymer Concrete

Four types of polymer concrete materials are being developed presently. They are

a) Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC).
b) Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) or Polymer Modified Concrete.
c) Polymer Concrete (PO).
d) Partially Impregnated and Surface Coated Polymer Concrete.

a) Polymer Impregnated Concrete

Polymer Impregnated Concrete is nothing but conventional concrete, impregnated by a monomer system which is subsequently polymerized. The commonly used monomers are Methylmethacrylate(MMA), styrene etc.

Use of Polymer Impregnated Concrete

The polymer impregnated concrete is found suitable in the following areas of application:

1) Pre-fabricated structural elements.
2) Pre-stressed concrete.
3) Marine works.
4) Desalination plants.
5) Nuclear Power Plants.
6) Sewage works.
7) Waterproofing structures.
8) industrial application.

b) Polymer cement concrete

Polymer cement concrete is made by mixing cement, aggregates, water, and monomer. Such plastic mixture is cast in molds, cured, dried, and polymerized. The commonly used monomers are Polyester- styrene, Epoxy-styrene, Furans, etc. This concrete is also known as Polymer modified concrete.

Use of Polymer Cement Concrete or Polymer Modified Concrete

The polymer cement concrete is found suitable in the following areas of application:
1) Resurfacing of bridge decks.
2) Industrial flooring.
3) Food processing factories.
4) Fertilizer stores.
5) Damp-resistant floors.
6 ) Railway Platform.
7) Nuclear processing areas.

c) Polymer concrete

Polymer concrete is an aggregate bound with a polymer binder instead of cement. The commonly used polymer binders are MMA, Styrene and polyester styrene, methanol etc.

d) The Partially impregnated and surface coated concrete

This type of concrete is produced by initially, soaking the dried specimen in liquid monomer then sealing and keeping them under hot water at 70° C.

Use of partially impregnated and surface coated concrete

It is best suited where the major requirements are surface resistance against chemical and mechanical attack in addition to strength increase.

Read Also:

High-Performance Concrete (HPC)

The term High-Performance concrete is used for the concrete mixture which possesses workability, high strength, high modulus of elasticity, high density, high dimensional stability, low permeability and resistance to chemical attack.

High-performance concrete contains the following ingredients:

a) Good quality of aggregates

b) Ordinary Portland cement or rapid hardening Portland cement at a Very high content @450 to 550 Kg /M3c) Silica fume @5 to 15% by mass of total cementitious materials

c) Fly ash or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGsB)

d) Super plasticize @5 to 15 liters per M3 of concrete.

A substantial reduction in the quantity of mixing water is the fundamental step for making HPC. Reduction in w/c ratio to less than 0.3 greatly improves the qualities expected in HPC.

There is a little controversy between the terms of high strength concrete and high-performance concrete. High-performance concrete is also high-strength concrete but it has a few more special characteristics as mentioned above.

HPC is used for works of great importance. In India, HPC of the strength of 60 M.Pa was the time for the construction of containment dome at kaiga and Rajasthan atomic power projects.

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Fiber Reinforced Concrete

Lightweight Concrete

Air Entrained Concrete

High Density and High Strength Concrete

High-Density Concrete

The concrete whose density varies from 3360 to 3840 kg/m3 is known as high-density concrete. However, they can be produced with densities up to 5280 kg/m3 using iron both fine and coarse aggregates.

The high-density concrete is produced using aggregates having a specific gravity of more than 3.5. The commercially used aggregates are barite, magnetite, ilmenite, limonite, etc. Steel and iron aggregates are also used to produce high-density concrete.

The grout used in this concrete should be richer than those used in normal concrete. Extra care must be taken with respect to segregation of heavy aggregates from the rest of the ingredients. The formwork should be made stronger to withstand high loads.

The high-density concrete is widely used in the construction of radiation shields in the nuclear industry.

High Strength Concrete

As per I.S.’s recommended method of mix design, concrete is said to be high-strength concrete if its strength is more than 35 M.Pa.

In modern batching plants, high-strength concrete is produced mechanical manner.

For the production of high-strength concrete due care should be taken about mix proportion shape of aggregates, use of supplementary cementitious materials, superplasticizers, etc.

The methods adopted for making high-strength concrete are as follows:

Seeding
Re-vibration
High-speed slurry
Use admixtures
Inhibition of cracks
Sulpher impregnation etc.

High-strength concrete is generally used for the construction of pre-stressed concrete bridges, flyovers, high-rise buildings, power projects and other works of greater importance.

Read More:

Lightweight Concrete

High-Performance Concrete

Air Entrained Concrete