Category: Water Supply Engineering

Ring Water Distribution System – Advantages & Disadvantages

Ring Water Distribution System

Ring water distribution system or Ring system is another method of the layout of distribution pipes. The ring system is also known as the ‘circular system‘. There are mainly four types of methods used for the distribution of water pipes – Dead end system, Grid Iron System, Ring System, and fourth one is Radial System. Here, I will discuss the ring system and its advantages and Disadvantages with a possible image for your better understanding, Let’s see.

In the case of the ring water distribution system, a closed ring of the main pipes is formed around the area where water is to be served. This closed area may be circular or rectangular in shape, depending on the city or town plan.

Ring Water Distribution System - Advantages & Disadvantages
Image: Ring water distribution system or Ring system

In this system, at first, the whole distribution area is divided into rectangular or circular blocks. And, the main pipes are laid on the periphery of these blocks. After the formation of rectangular or circular closed rings, they are further divided into small blocks, and each small block is connected with sub-main pipes.

This type of pipe layout system is very effective for well-planned cities or towns or, places where the demand for water is high.

At every starting point of the sub-main pipe, a cut-off valve or gate is installed. This helps to stop water flow during repair work for a particular block without discontinuing water flow in the rest of the blocks.

In this system, equal pressure is generated at each and every point of the pipes, therefore, distribution is equally manageable for every consumer.

Advantages of Ring System

➔ In this system, Equal pressure is exerted on all the sections of the pipes.

➔ By this method, water is equally distributed to every consumer.

➔ During repair work, a very small area is being affected.

➔ During the fire, more water can be supplied.

Disadvantages Ring system

➔ This system is not suitable for irregularly developed towns or cities.

➔ Required more length of pipes and a large number of cut-off valves.

➔ Required more skilled laborers for the design and installation of this system.

Read Also:

PVC Pipe Fittings Names

Water Demand – MCQ

10 Factors Affecting The Rate of Water Demand

PVC Pipe Fittings Names – Your Know It All Guide!


Most people tend to blank up when it comes to PVC fitting names. I am sure that we’ve all been in this position and the situation is pretty similar to us. This blog post lists the PVC fitting names and their uses. Let’s jump into the main topic.

We can not make a pipe as long as we want, and also long pipes are not required everywhere. When we have to change the direction of the flow, then we have to cut them and join them. Therefore, to connect or regulate the flow we need pipe fittings. Pipe fittings are such things that help to maintain the continuity of the pipe. There are several types of pipe fitting that are usually used in plumbing systems.

PVC Fittings Names

Listed below are the most commonly used PVC pipe fittings names and the descriptions with uses to help you.

1. Tees

PVC tees are pipe fittings that have three ends; two of which are straight and the third which is on the side at a 90-degree angle. These allow a line to split into two with a 90-degree connection and can connect two lines into the main one.

Tees are often used for PVC structures, are extremely versatile fittings, and are widely used by plumbers. Most of them also come with slip sockets at the ends.

2. Elbows

If you need your piping machine to flip or get around something in the way, you’ll want to bend your pipeline around using a PVC elbow. Elbows are available in 90-degree and 45-degree angles that help you direct the pipe as per your need.

Side elbows are slightly different and are commonly used as corners for canopies, tents, shows, and bins. They have 3 ends, come with slip socket ends, and threaded variations.

3. Crosses

Crosses are a little less common sorts of fittings that feature 4 pipe sections (S x S x S x S) which meet at ninety-degree angles, forming a “plus” shape.

They are commonly used while constructing a framework using a PVC pipe, can add a brilliant deal of structural integrity to any framework, and are also used to divide fluid drift in different directions.

4. Couplings and Unions

These are simple sorts of PVC fittings. It is a small piece of fitting or device that is used to connect or “couple” two or more pipes together to support continuity between them and is generally permanent. They can connect pipe to pipe and pipe to a swedge. Couplings have a slip or girl-threaded ends, depending on what you need them for.

Unions are similar to couplings but they’re not used for permanent structures, but are frequently used in temporary structures with tent supports. These come with a ring inside which separates the 2 ends from each different for easy dismantling.

5. Caps and Plugs

Caps have a key feature and use – to stop the flow. They are fixed on the end of a pipeline which doesn’t need to be connected to another pipe and stop a pipeline or give access to a system when needed. They also can add a completed appearance to pipes in PVC building tasks. Caps cross round or outdoor the pipe, allowing you to have either a socket or lady-threaded stop.

Plugs, on the other hand, are similar to caps, but in place of preventing the flow in the pipe, they stop the flow in the fitting. This means they have either a spigot or a male-threaded end.

6. Adapters (Female and Male)

Adapters, also known as reducing couplings, are flexible fitting. These fittings are designed to exchange the end type of a pipe, allowing it to connect with fittings and pipes of many sizes.

These come with slip sockets or threaded ends to connect with an infinite sort of fittings and pipes. Adapters could be both either male or female threaded with an additional spigot or socket.

7. Bushings

These are similar to adapters with their focus on connecting different diameter pipes by reducing the fitting. Bushings also are normally threaded, which sets them apart from the other forms of fittings.

This permits for extraordinary sorts of connections and makes maintenance and pipeline customization less difficult. Bushings are frequently seen in landscaping and aquaculture applications because they paint higher with water than metal fittings that have a possibility of rust.

8. Nipples

Nipples are a PVC fitting where two female ends are connected in a PVC system. The fitting here is called the nipple which has two male-threaded ends.

Because a fitting consisting of this requires a tight shape, they may be maximum commonly made with schedule 80 PVC. However, they are still compatible with a schedule 40.

9. Flanges

These are fittings that allow the attachment of add-ons and other objects to the pipe and can also boost the strength of the pipe. The most common type is found at the bottom of a toilet.

These are disc-like fittings that create a tight seal with the help of bolts, wedge, clamps, or a compressive force. However, most flanges use bolts to sign up two surfaces. These are available with threaded or slip ends as the strength required is typically made from schedule 80 PVC.

To Conclude:

We hope the blog above has helped you learn the different PVC pipe fittings and their uses. These are primary parts that are covered for ease of understanding and complete knowledge of the fittings.

FAQs:

What are Tees PVC fittings?

PVC tees are pipe fittings that have three ends; two of which are straight and the third which is on the side at a 90-degree angle. These allow a line to split into two with a 90-degree connection and can connect two lines into the main one.

What are plugs?

Plugs are similar to caps, but in place of preventing the flow in the pipe, they stop the flow in the fitting. This means they have either a spigot or a male-threaded end.

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Water Demand – MCQ || Water Supply Engineering

Water Demand – MCQ

Following are some question and answer about water demand:

1. Per capita demand is

a) Total yearly water requirement(litres) / 365 × Population
b) Total yearly water requirement(litres) / Design Population
c) Total yearly water requirement(litres) / Population
d) Total yearly water requirement(litres) / 365 × Design Population

View Answer

d) Total yearly water requirement(litres) / 365 * Design Population

2. The ratio of maximum daily demand to average demand is

a) 1.8
b) 1.2
c) 1.48
d) 2.7

View Answer

a) 1.8

4. The best method for forecasting the population of a new and fast-growing city is

a) Logistic method
b) Incremental increase method
c) Arithmetic increment method
d) Geometrical increase method

View Answer

d) Geometrical increase method

3. Water supply projects under normal circumstances are designed for periods of

a) 15 years
b) 20 years
c) 25 years
d) 30 years

View Answer

d) 30 years.

5. Maximum hourly consumption is generally taken as ______ percent of its average hourly consumption

a) 100
b) 150
c) 200
d) 250

View Answer

b) 150

6. Maximum hourly demand of the maximum day( i.e peak demand) is equal to

a) 1.5 × average hourly demand
b) 2.7 × annual average hourly demand
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these

View Answer

c) Both (a) and (b)

7. The coincident draft is taken as

a) Maximum hourly demand + fire demand
b) Maximum hourly demand
c) Average daily demand + fire demand
d) Greater of (b) and (c)

View Answer

d) Greater of (b) and (c)

8. The unit of per capita demand is

a) litres/head/day
b) head/day
c) days/head/litres
d) None of these

View Answer

a) litres/head/day

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10 Factors Affecting the Rate of Water Demand

Water Quality – MCQ

Sources of Water – MCQ

Grid Iron System- And their Advantages & Disadvantages

Grid Iron System

⇛ Grid iron system is one method of the layout of distribution pipes. This system is also known as interlaced system or reticulation system. 

⇛ In this system, the mains, sub-mains, and branches are interconnected with each other. Thus, this system provides free circulation of water through the pipelines.  

⇛  Cut-off valves are provided at each junction point. This is suitable for well-planned towns and cities.

Advantages of Grid Iron System

The advantages of grid iron system are:

1. In case of repairs, a very small portion of the distribution area will be affected.  

2. This system provides free circulation of water through the pipelines. Hence, it is not liable for pollution due to stagnation of water.  

3. The head loss is minimum.

4. It provides sufficient supply during fire fighting.

Disadvantages of Grid Iron System

Disadvantages of grid iron system are:

1. This system requires more length of pipelines and the greater number of cut-off valves.

2. Its construction is costlier.

3. The design calculations are complicated and difficult.

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Dead End System

Ring System

Dead End System – And Their Advantages and Disadvantages

Dead End System

Dead end system is one method of the layout of distribution pipes. This method is also known as a tree system.

It consists of one supply main from which sub-mains are taken. From the sub-mains, the branch lines are provided from which service connections are given to the consumers.

The dead-end system of the layout is adopted in localities which have developed in a haphazard manner.

Advantages of Dead End System

The advantages of the dead-end system are:

1. The discharge and pressure at any point in the distribution system can be easily calculated.

2. The design calculation is simple and easy.

3. Lesser number of cut-off valves is required in this system.

4. Laying of pipes is easy and simple.

5. It is cheap and can be extended or expanded easily.

Read Also: Ring Water Distribution System.

Disadvantages of Dead End System

The disadvantages of the dead-end system are:

1. During repairs, a large portion of the distribution area is affected.

2. There is numerous dead end in this system, which prevent the free circulation of water.

3. The water may be polluted at the dead end due to its stagnation.

4. It gives limited supply during the fighting.

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Grid Iron System

9 Steps Of Laying Of Sewer Pipes

7 Requirements of a Good Sewer Pipe

4 Difference Between One And Two Pipe System

Difference Between One And Two Pipe Systems

Following are the 4 differences between one pipe system and two pipe system: 

One Pipe SystemTwo Pipe System
   1. In this system, one main vertical pipe is provided. All the waste matter from bathrooms, kitchens, water closets etc. is discharged into it. In addition to this, a separate vent pipe is provided.   1. In this system, two sets of vertical pipes are laid. One pipe is used for draining sullage. Both the pipes are ventilated separately by providing separate vent pipes or anti-siphonage pipes.
   2. In small houses and building one pipe system is preferred.   2. This system is highly favoured particularly for large and multi-storied buildings.
   3. It requires less number of pipes and is hence cheap. It also requires small spaces.   3. It requires a large number of pipes and is hence costly. It also requires large spaces.
   4. This system is less efficient.   4. This is the best system for the efficient conveyance of house wastes.

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Primary Treatment Process of Sewage

Characteristics of Sewage

Method of Ventilation of Sewers

Water Carriage System And Their Advantages and Disadvantages

Water Carriage System

The water carriage system is the modern method of conveyance of sewage. In this system, water is used as a medium for conveying the sewage to the treatment plant and final disposal.  

Water Carriage System And Their Advantages and Disadvantages

In this system, the excremental matter are mixed up in a large quantity of water and carried through underground sewers to the treatment plant and suitably disposed off.  

The garbage is collected and conveyed as in the case of conservancy system. The stormwater may be carried separately or may be allowed to flow with the sewage.

Advantages of Water Carriage System

Following are the advantages of water carriage system:

1. This system permits a compact design of buildings.

2. This system is hygienic. 

3. The risk of an outbreak of epidemic is greatly reduced.

4. Less area is required for treatment and disposal.

5. There are no chances of nuisance on the streets.

6. Only a few labors are required.

7. Self-cleaning velocity can be easily obtained.

8. The usual water supply is sufficient and no additional water is required.

9. Sewage after proper treatment can be used for various purposes.

10. There is no risk of pollution of underground water.

Disadvantages of Water Carriage System

Following are the disadvantages of water carriage system:

1. The initial cost is high.  

2. In the rainy season, the volume of sewage flows to the treatment plant is high which may exceed the normal capacity of the treatment plant.   

3. In case of any break of water supply, the system is highly affected.  

4. Highly skilled labour and technical persons are required for the maintenance of this system.

Read more:

Comparison Between Conservancy System & Water Carriage System

Factors Governing The Selection Of Sewer Pipe Materials

Factors Governing The Selection Of Sewer Pipe Materials

The selection of material for the sewer pipe is governed by the following factors: 

Factors Governing The Selection Of Sewer Pipe Materials

1) Carrying capacity of the pipe.
2) Durability, strength, and life of the sewer pipe.
3) Imperviousness and weight.

4) Resistance to corrosion and abrasion.
5) Type of sewage to be conveyed and its possible corrosive effect on the sewer pipe material.

6) Cost and availability of funds.
7) Maintenance cost and repairs etc. 

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Requirements of a Good Sewer Joint

Requirements of a Good Sewer Pipe

Sewer Joint And Necessary Conditions For Making Sewer Pipe Joint

11 Factors Affecting The Rate of Water Demand

Following 11 factors affecting the rate of water demand:

  1. Size of city
  2. Climatic condition  
  3. Due to Habits
  4. Industrial and commercial activity
  5. Quality of water supply 
  6. The pressure in distribution systems
  7. Development of sewage facility
  8. System of supply 
  9. Cost of water 
  10. Policy of metering 
  11. Living Standards
Factors Affecting The Rate of Water Demand

1. Size of city

Large cities mean they have large populations with lots of amenities. So, large cities require more water as compared to small cities.

2. Climatic condition  

People living in hot climates need more water than those living in cold climates. This is because a hot climate makes people thirsty more than a cold climate. Not only this reason but also require more water for gardening, street plant watering, park. Also, the duration and frequency of human bathing is greater than in cold weather.

3. Due to Habits

Some bad habits can increase the rate of water demand like – Leaving water taps open, not fixing leakage of water, washing things repeatedly for no reason, watering plants unnecessarily, etc. But, opposite habits of the above points can decrease the rate of water demand.

4. Industrial and commercial activity

The presence of industry in an area means that the demand for water will be high. In industry, they need water to cool their engines, wash their products, and so on.

5. Quality of water supply

If the quality of water is good, the demand for water will be high as compared to low-quality water.

6. The pressure in distribution systems

The high pressure in distribution systems increases the rate of water demand. On the other hand, low pressure in distribution systems decreases the rate of water demand.

7. Development of sewage facility

The presence of sewage or sanitary systems increases the rate of water demands and vice-versa. In this case, more water is required to use Bathtub, Shower, Bidet, etc.

8. System of supply

If water comes to the consumers for 24 hours, then the use of water will increase, hence, the rate of water demand will be high. On the other hand, if water is served only for a fixed time, it may be once or twice a day, then the use of water will reduce, hence, the rate of water demand will be low.

9. Cost of water 

Water price is also an important factor that affects the rate of water demand. If the cost is increased, the water demand will decrease and vice versa. If the price of water is high, the wastage of water will be less because consumers will try to reduce unwanted usage of water so that they have to pay less money.

10. Policy of metering 

The policy of metering also affects the rate of water demand. Installing meters in consumer houses decreases the rate of water demand, On the other hand, if there is no meter, the demand for water increases. But, sometimes, some policies are imposed on the consumers, like – the price of per liter water will be the same for all consumers for a certain limit(take an example: 20 liters per day per head), but after crossing their daily limit (if the consumer uses more than 20 liters), the price of per litter water will be more. This type of policy helps to decrease the rate of water demand.

11. Living Standards

The rate of water demand also depends on the consumer’s economic status. Rich consumers use more water as they do not think about the cost of the water. Rich families also use more home appliances( like – Washing Machine, Sprayer, Dishwasher, Car Washer, etc.) that may require more water. Meanwhile, middle-class and poor consumers use less water as they use fewer appliances and cost is another factor for them.

Water Quantity Estimation for a City

Let’s assume a city ‘A’, the population of this city is 200k. Before designing the water supply scheme, we need to calculate the estimated water consumption.

Here, two things are needed: one is per capita demand in liters per day per head. Another is the population of the location where water is to be served.

Quantity of water = Per capita demand * population

Read More:

Factors Affecting Consumptive Use of Water

Ring Water Distribution System

Grid Iron System