Category: Civil Engineering Knowledge

A Comprehensive Guide to HVAC System Repair & Maintenance

An optimally functioning HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system is essential for maintaining a comfortable temperature and healthy indoor air quality in your home. However, after years of continuous use, HVAC systems naturally decline in performance and require repairs or replacement. Learning to spot signs of HVAC dysfunction, understanding the immense value of preventative maintenance, and weighing the pros and cons of repairing aging equipment versus replacing it can help homeowners make the smartest decisions for their needs and budget.

Recognizing When Your HVAC Needs Repair

A few conspicuous warning signs indicate your HVAC may require repair by a professional technician:

Uneven Cooling or Heating in Different Rooms

If certain rooms in your home consistently feel dramatically cooler or warmer than others, this likely signals issues with refrigerant charge or delivery. Low refrigerant levels, leaks in the evaporator coils, or compressor issues can all cause uneven temperatures throughout your home. Faulty ductwork preventing cooled or heated air from reaching certain rooms can also cause this. Any of these issues warrant calling an HVAC company for diagnosis and repairs.

Spiking Energy Bills and High Electricity Usage

Damaged HVAC components, such as broken heat exchangers, faulty compressors, corroded coils, or exhausted motors, must work much harder to cool or warm your home, consuming significantly more energy. This strain will cause your monthly bills to skyrocket. If your bills suddenly seem drastically higher without any change in usage habits, failing equipment likely needs repair.

Unusual Noises From the HVAC System

Emanating clanging, grinding, or screeching noises point to internal HVAC troubles like failing bearings or motors, off-balance blades that need realigning, worn belts causing slippage, or low coolant levels resulting in freezing evaporator coils. Any mechanical odd sounds warrant exploration from a technician. Ignoring conspicuous noise typically exacerbates issues.

Visible Leaking Near the Indoor Unit or External Condenser

Leaking water around your air handler/furnace inside or pooling by the outdoor compressor/condenser signifies ruptured coils, loose fittings, or drain line clogs, resulting in fluid spillover. Left unchecked, leaks can cause expansive water damage or dangerous mold growth. Immediately disconnect electrical connections to malfunctioning units and call for HVAC assessment and confirmation that no dangerous wires were compromised before restoring power. All leaks require urgent repair.

Short Cycling On/Off Instead of Smooth, Continuous Operation

If your HVAC system is rapidly turning on and off repeatedly rather than maintaining consistent heating or cooling cycles, this usually indicates thermostat malfunctions or temperature and pressure control issues. Faulty wiring, dirty electrical contacts, or dying thermostat batteries can all cause inefficient cycling. Left unaddressed, this spikes system wear and utility costs exponentially while delivering uncomfortable intermittent heating/cooling.

Why Consistent Preventative HVAC Maintenance is Essential

Beyond just reacting to repair needs as they arise, establishing consistent preventative HVAC system maintenance is critical for:

Early Identification of Small Issues Before They Become Big Problems

Most major, catastrophic HVAC breakdowns stemming from cumulative wear and tear are avoidable. Technicians can pinpoint minor issues like fraying belts, clogged air filters, low refrigerant levels, dirty coils, and scale buildup through routine maintenance long before these minor issues degenerate into complete compressor, motor, or heat exchanger failures requiring urgent replacement. Just as routine oil changes prevent total engine seizure in cars, early preventative HVAC upkeep mitigates most emergency breakdowns.

Maximizing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Utility Bills

Various studies confirm that preventatively maintained HVAC units operate far more efficiently than neglected systems, significantly reducing electricity usage and costs. Clean components free of contaminants, leaks, blockages, and general friction translate directly into enhanced performance, sustainability, and savings.

Extending the Lifespan of HVAC Systems, Delaying Replacement Needs

Consistent technical care minimizes cumulative damage from years of continuous operation, dramatically extending the overall lifespan. Well-maintained home HVAC systems easily remain functional for 15-20 years. With preventative tune-ups, commercial units often operate over 25 years before major renovation needs. Preventative maintenance leads to substantial long-term ROI, avoiding premature replacement purchases.

Enhanced Climate and Indoor Air Quality Control

When all components, including refrigerant levels, air filters, and duct integrity, remain in prime shape through regular upkeep, HVAC operates at peak capacity. This translates to maximized humidity modulation, drafting, temperature control, and ventilation regulation, ensuring superior comfort and indoor air purity. Health improved demonstrably with optimized HVAC performance.
Typical comprehensive preventative maintenance checkups and tasks performed by technicians include:

Thoroughly cleaning or replacing dirty air filters that restrict airflow and breed contaminants when filthy.
Checking refrigerant charge levels and inspecting components for leaks.
Meticulously examining all ductwork and conduits for any breaches or blockages impeding performance.
Lubricating all moving internal parts to reduce friction related wear.
Double-check that the thermostat and overall system settings match optimal efficiency parameters.
Running full operational tests assessing ventilation rates, coolant pressures, voltage draws, and benchmarking readings to previous checkups.

Skilled technicians possess specialized tools and testing capabilities to holistically gauge system health and isolate deficiencies early when repairs are most affordable. They also confirm that safety cutoff controls function properly to prevent accidental overheating or electrical issues that result in hazards. Do-it-yourselfers need more expertise and diagnostics to conduct such comprehensive assessments. Regular professional maintenance protects your comfort, investment, and safety.

Key Signs Your HVAC System May Need Complete Replacement

While competent repairs can certainly extend functional lifespan, at a certain point, patching up an egregiously outdated HVAC that has exceeded reasonable operational expectations diminishes practical sense. Several clear indicators suggest replacement may be the most prudent choice:

HVAC System Age Exceeds Typical 10-15 Year Lifespan

On average, homeowners replace home HVAC systems every 10-15 years as gradual wear and tear accumulates. While units can operate functionally beyond that threshold with preventative maintenance, efficiency, and cost-benefit analysis merits reevaluation at that stage. Upgrading extremely outdated equipment past its natural lifespan often delivers immense efficiency bonuses and long-term savings from enhanced sustainability. Modern HVAC system lifetime expectancies continue rising with technological improvements as well.

Repair Costs Approaching 50% of Replacement Value

As major components like A-coil evaporators, compressors, and heat exchangers near the culmination of functional lifespan after a decade or more of use, expensive replacements of these core elements may make less sense than holistically upgrading the furnace or AC unit. Once repair bills start approaching 50% of outright unit replacement cost, the math warrants weighing replacement options for vastly improved efficiency, longevity, and warranty coverage.

Sharp Drops in Cooling Capability and Power

Over years of heavy seasonal use, air conditioning output naturally deteriorates as internal components fatigue. No amount of repairs can restore initial cooling power and dehumidification capacity levels in units operating 5-10 years. Suppose your current AC is straining at maximum effort, but you still cannot maintain comfortable indoor temperatures that could easily be achieved with newer models. In that case, replacement may be your best bet to reclaim desired cooling competence – especially with summer heat intensification due to climate change.

Reduced Operational Efficiency Spikes Energy Bills

Independent of acute repair needs, severely outdated HVAC systems operate extremely inefficiently by modern comparisons. If your 10 year old units lack updated sustainable capabilities and refrigerants, replacing them with new ENERGY STAR models can dramatically curb electric bills and environmental impact. With substantial rebates and tax credits on a new air conditioner further offsetting upfront costs, replacement furnishes immediate energy savings benefitting your budget and the planet.

In summary, while regular maintenance enables HVAC systems to operate smoothly for over a decade in many homes, recognizing the right juncture to replace outdated equipment provides optimal efficiency. Watkins Heating’s experts holistically examine your unique home infrastructure to advise whether replacement decisions furnish the greatest practical value and comfort improvements. Partnering with a team this astute ensures ideal outcomes benefitting your family’s peace of mind and budget.

A Comprehensive Guide to Portable Truck Scales

Tracking loads and preventing overloading is critical for running an efficient hauling or transportation company. However, traditional fixed truck scale systems require routing trucks out of their way to centralized weigh stations. This waste fuel reduces productivity and eats into slim profit margins. Thankfully, advanced portable truck scale systems provide weigh-in-motion technology that revolutionizes payload management for modern freight carriers.

Understanding Portable Truck Scales

Portable truck scales provide adaptable weighing solutions that can be set up virtually anywhere for flexible use. These systems use low-profile weighing pads made of durable steel that can be laid out on the ground and connected wirelessly. Specialized software then captures precise axle and load data as trucks drive slowly over the pads. The portable pads are engineered for longevity while being easy to transport and relocate where needed.

Cloud-based reporting generates data for optimizing payload management on the go. Because portable truck scales can be deployed on-site, trucks stay on efficient routes without wasting time and fuel driving miles out of their way to external truck scales. Portable systems enable weighing inbound and outbound loads right at loading facilities, quarries, farms, and anywhere scales are needed but need more.

Benefits of Portable Truck Scales

Portable truck weighing systems deliver advantages over fixed truck scale options:

➣ Efficiency – By eliminating unnecessary truck diversions to weigh stations, portable truck scales minimize unloaded mileage. This saves fuel and driver costs substantially while keeping trucks on productive routes. Portable scales are faster for drivers, too, since no wait times are incurred.

➣ Convenience – Loads can be weighed quickly right at their pickup or drop-off point instead of requiring a trip to remote sites. Whether in the field, a warehouse, or elsewhere, portable pad scales provide weighing where it’s needed most.

➣ Easy Data Access – Load data is viewable immediately on digital indicators and available remotely via the cloud. No manual recordkeeping is needed, and dynamic reports help identify optimization opportunities as volumes shift. Granular data insights unlock major efficiency gains over time.

➣ Flexibility – Portable pad scales are simple to relocate day by day as weighing locations must change. Seasonal business needs or new clients may alter ideal scale placements, no problem. Scales are battery-powered for quick installation almost anywhere required without complicated wiring.

➣ Overload Prevention – By weighing each load before departing, overloading above legal limits can be prevented. This protects infrastructure while minimizing the risk of major fines from unexpected violations at surprise weight checks while improving safety.

➣ Lower Operating Costs – Portable truck scales eliminate expenses from fuel waste, truck diversions, and overweight fines. The scales quickly pay for themselves from efficiency cost savings and new revenue opportunities since more runs become possible per day.

➣ Funding Opportunities – Portable scales may qualify for partial financing support or attractive leasing terms from state and federal funding programs supporting cleaner, safer transportation infrastructure upgrades. This alleviates initial acquisition costs.

➣ Ongoing Optimizations – Regular operational analysis uncovers new efficiencies as business needs evolve. What works today may be reconfigured tomorrow for greater portability, lower costs, safer practices, or higher profits using the same scales.

From farms to warehouses and construction sites, portable pad scales provide advanced weighing capabilities anywhere loads require frequent oversight without requiring expensive fixed-scale infrastructure.

Popular Portable Truck Scale Types

Several portable truck scale varieties suit different business applications:

➣ Low-Profile Pad Scales – These flat scales sit nearly flush with the ground, allowing standard semi-trucks to drive over gently at slow speeds for axle weighing. The low-profile steel pads are durable, highly accurate, and easy to walk on and relocate.

➣ Ramp Scales – Featuring shallow built-in ramps, these scales allow simpler vehicles like pickups to access the flat sensor pad for accurate weighing smoothly. The gently sloped design works well for trucks lacking air suspension systems.

➣ Onboard Truck Scales – Specialized pads and calibration equipment effectively transform traditional trailers and truck beds into certified weighing systems for smaller, concentrated loads. This eliminates wait times at external scales while parked or on the road.

➣ Portable Axle Scales – Individual wheel sensors capture precise individual axle weights as trucks slowly roll over pads. This granular data gets summed instantly to output total vehicle weight while highlighting potential uneven load distributions.

Every portable scale variety offers rapid, lab-certified weighing to manage all types of payload volumes in applications ranging from heavy mining to agriculture.

Getting Started Quickly with Portable Truck Scales

Transitioning fleets from fixed truck scales to flexible, portable weighing systems is straightforward with consultation from leading vendors:

➣ Audit Operational Needs – Survey routes, objectives, and pain points across the organization to locate ideal portable scale positioning based on load/truck volumes, space limitations, cost factors, and productivity goals.

➣ Get Free Demos – Leading vendors like Massload provide complimentary project consultations, custom quotes, on-site scale demos, and pilot testing using clients’ actual trucks on their grounds. This lets businesses experientially vet systems using real-world conditions.

➣ Train Staff – Vendor and in-house training get personnel fully up to speed on delivering, installing, calibrating, operating, moving, and maintaining complete portable pad scale setups. This insight ensures teams can optimize uptime and data accuracy.

➣ Scale Up Over Time – Regular operational audits help scale and reconfigure portable truck scale infrastructure to meet changing needs, whether from increased volumes to new routes, etc. Additional scales can organically improve capabilities over months and years.

Portable truck scales unlock game-changing weigh-in-motion capabilities right at the sites where loads get transported daily. Now, weight management can be integrated directly into normal loading and unloading motions through ground-level modular pad systems configurable to business environments. Vast data insights get harvested automatically as trucks drive while safer practices are instituted.

With lower costs, less waste, and new revenue opportunities, portable truck scale systems rapidly transform fleet weighing from a necessary evil into a competitive advantage. Supporting continued growth and adaptations over months and years, portable pad scales provide dynamic weighing stations that can be adjusted optimally as transportation operations evolve.

So whether starting out small or managing mature fleets, portable truck scales should anchor efficient scale management. Their flexible nature sustains payload optimization as needs change across clients, routes, volumes, and platforms. Their durability ensures measurement consistency and accuracy as trucks drive over them thousands upon thousands of times. When evaluating innovations that drive transportation productivity now and in the future, portable truck scales check all the boxes.

Fatal Mistakes on Construction Sites: 6 Rules You Should Never Break

It is not a secret that construction sites are considered one of the most dangerous working places for well-known reasons. Heights and heavy materials, in combination with tiredness and exhaustion, can lead to fatal outcomes for the workers on the construction sites. According to some data, it is indicated that every five deaths among US workers occur in the construction industry when compared to some previous years. These numbers have significantly increased. There is nothing to be said but that these statistics indicate that some construction companies are responsible for ensuring the best safety on the construction site as well as their employees’ safety. Here are some rules that should never be broken.

1. Height-Related Accidents

Have you ever been terrified by watching a construction worker doing his job on the twenty-seventh floor? Well, it’s for a good reason. Working at such heights is not only scary for you while you are standing firmly on the ground, but for them as well, even though they got used to it. Unfortunately, this is the reason why the construction industry accounts for over 46% of all fatal trips, slips, and falls. While they are working at these heights, employees are exposed to a whole range of different risks, such as falling from ladders or collapsing because of intensive pressure. The point is that injuries caused by falls are the most fatal, and surviving a fall from over 30 feet is almost impossible. These accidents normally happen because something is in the workers’ way. However, accidents like these can be prevented when companies introduce the concept of effective workplace management, which enables them to have more access to routes, corridors, site cabins, and stairwells. For these accidents to be prevented, construction companies should provide their employees with fall protection equipment as well as proper training.

2. Wear Your PPE at all Times

PPE is an essential part of the equipment on construction sites. Once you enter the construction site, you need to make sure that you have the PPE you need. This is your last line of defense when you come into immediate contact with a hazard on the site. Hi-vis will make sure you are easily seen, safety boots will give you a much better grip and will protect your feet, and hard hats are very easily replaceable, but your skull is not. PPE will not be able to protect you unless you wear it. You need to wear your safety boots, hard hat, and hi-vis vest at all times, along with some other required PPE.

3. Do Not Start Working on the Site Without Induction

Most workers get an induction whenever they start a new job. In construction, you need to get a new induction whenever you start working on a new project. Truth be told, every site has its own unique hazards and work operations. So, induction is a pre-project safety briefing provided to construction personnel in which they will learn what threats they may face, what precautions to take, and what safety measures have been put in place. In short, inductions are legal requirements as well as outlines of what happens when you get seriously hurt in an accident at the construction site. Your induction is an important aspect of your job, and it tells you where to sign in, what to avoid, and how to protect yourself. You should never start working without one.

4. Keep a Neat Site

Construction work and sites are messy. Slips and trips are very common and might not even seem like a problem when compared to some other, high-risk work that happens on the site, but, please, do not be fooled. According to some statistics, slips, and trips account for 31% of injuries on construction sites. You need to remember that your work area needs to be tidy throughout your entire shift so you can reduce the number of rips and slip hazards, especially in areas such as access and escape routes.

5. You Should Never Put Yourself and Others at Risk

On a construction site, one wrong move can be fatal. So, for these scenarios to be avoided, you should definitely create good health and safety habits and make sure to stick to them. Always take care of your well-being and keep checking on the well-being of the other workers as well. It is necessary to set a positive example, think safely, and behave in the same manner on the site. You are responsible for your own behavior, and you need to beware of danger throughout the entire shift.

6. Follow the Safety Signs and Procedures

For you to stay safe throughout your entire shift, you need to follow construction safety signs and procedures. These safety rules need to be explained in your personal copy of the induction. Safety procedures considerably differ for every site, and you need to make sure that all of the workers understand the required procedures and actions. Besides, to make your construction site even more secure, you need to receive a risk assessment for the activities. In this type of analysis, there is detailed information on the measures and activities to be taken when an unwanted situation occurs. Control measures aim to put your own safety first. For instance, some workers accept working in unsafe areas, which may cause over 50% of all construction fatalities. Whenever you feel like you are not able to work in such conditions, you should avoid it. You need to be aware of your surroundings and avoid dangers, such as heavy weights, as much as possible.

Construction sites are known to be very hazardous environments that pose a significant risk to anyone who works on or visits them. It is essential for you to go through a risk assessment and determine whether it is safe for you to work on a certain building site in order to protect yourself from any sort of danger that may be there. It goes without saying that you should constantly take care of both your own personal well-being and the well-being of your company. You should also make sure to wear safety equipment.

How Construction Injuries Occur: Identifying the Root Causes

Construction is one of the most risky professions, and yet it continues to be a popular job choice for many. This high-risk profession can lead to both short-term and long-term illnesses, which can significantly decrease the quality of life for an individual due to physical pain or psychological trauma. But what leads workers in this field down such a hazardous path? In this post, we’ll explore how construction injuries occur and why they are so common, providing insight into the underlying risks associated with this type of work — as well as ways to reduce potential hazards to make workplaces safer.

Why are Construction Injuries so Common?

Construction injuries are all too common on job sites, and the reasons for this can vary. It could be a lack of proper safety standards, a lack of proper training, a failure to follow guidelines, due to the collision of heavy construction machinery, or simply an accident that couldn’t be foreseen. While we may not be able to prevent every injury, it’s important to seek help from a personal injury lawyer if you’ve been hurt on the job. Don’t suffer in silence: get the support you need to move forward and get back on your feet. Whether you’re dealing with a broken bone or a more serious injury, a qualified legal professional can help you navigate the legal system and get the compensation you deserve.

Let’s know the root causes of construction injuries in detail.

Lack of safety protocols and training

Safety protocols and training are of utmost importance in any workplace, but unfortunately, many employers still fail to implement adequate measures to ensure the safety of their workers. This can be attributed to various factors, including limited resources, lack of awareness, and neglect of laws and regulations. Regardless of the cause, the impact can be devastating — injuries, fatalities, and even legal troubles. To fix this issue, business owners prioritize safety and invest in proper training and equipment. Employers must also conduct frequent risk assessments, identify potential hazards, and take prompt action to mitigate them. Always put safety first, and you can create a workplace that is both productive and secure for everyone.

Unsafe working tools and equipment

When working with several construction tools and equipment, be aware of the potential risks they can carry. Using unsafe tools and equipment can lead to serious accidents and injuries, which is why it’s crucial to know how to identify these risks first.

Before you start working, inspect all tools and equipment for damage or defects. Look for signs of wear and tear, as well as any missing parts. If something looks off or potentially dangerous, don’t take the risk — replace it with a new tool immediately. Additionally, make sure to use protective gear such as hard hats, safety goggles, gloves, and boots to minimize injuries.

Finally, always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and proper safety guidelines to stay safe. Keeping these tips in mind can help you avoid serious accidents and keep your workplace free from potential risks.

Unsafe working conditions

As we all know, having a safe working environment protects workers from harm while ensuring the continuity of business operations. However, identifying dangerous areas on-site and taking action is not always an easy task. It requires thorough inspection and critical thinking and a willingness to make changes. By actively identifying and addressing hazardous conditions on-site, you can reduce the risk of accidents.

At the same time, make sure to provide employees with adequate training and resources including safety harnesses, protective gloves and goggles, and hard hats. Regularly inspect worksites for hazards such as tripping or slipping risks, fire hazards, sharp edges, and more.

Fatigue

In today’s fast-paced work environment, fatigue among employees has become a common issue. Prolonged work hours, tight deadlines, and insufficient rest can lead to exhaustion, which can negatively impact an organization’s productivity and employee well-being. As a manager, you must recognize the signs of fatigue early on. These include decreased work quality, poor concentration, and increased irritability. It’s essential to address the issue immediately as it can lead to serious health problems and accidents at the workplace.

You might want to encourage employees to take breaks, reducing workload, and promoting a culture of self-care can go a long way in combating fatigue and promoting overall well-being. If you are able to address signs of fatigue effectively, businesses can enjoy increased productivity and happier, healthier workers.

Poor communication between employees

Poor communication between supervisors, subcontractors, and workers can cause significant delays and problems on a construction site. Misunderstandings and mistakes can arise if instructions are unclear or not communicated properly. For this reason, clear communication is crucial when managing a successful construction project.

Good communication skills ensure that everyone on the team knows what’s expected of them, and they know what they need to do to complete their tasks. Clear instructions can prevent costly mistakes, delays, and rework. At the end of the day, it’s worth investing the time to ensure that everyone is on the same page.

Elevated structures

Working at heights can be incredibly dangerous, and it’s essential to maintain safety protocols. Before starting any task, make sure that all necessary fall protection systems are in place — guard rails, warning signs, handrails, and other equipment. All personnel must also wear the appropriate safety gear when working around elevated structures or platforms.

If a job requires working at heights, make sure that all personnel have received proper training and instruction. It’s also important to inspect the work area for potential hazards, and any unsafe conditions should be fixed before any work takes place.

Conclusion

Construction injuries remain a pervasive issue within the industry and, unfortunately, they can be deadly. While improvements in safety protocols and training are key parts of the solution, it’s imperative that contractors know how to identify unsafe tools and equipment, unsafe working conditions, workers exhibiting signs of fatigue, and communication issues between supervisors and subcontractors. Proactivity is critical when it comes to decreasing construction accidents — individuals must have the ability to recognize the risk to appropriately manage it.

As such, companies across the industry should actively take measures to ensure that workers have all the resources necessary to identify dangers on-site and act as safely as possible for their own protection. By improving both safety training programs as well as on-the-job practices, employers will be able to promote healthier work environments for their employees while also reducing costs associated with workplace injuries. Although there are always going to be risks associated with construction sites, by taking safety seriously we can make great strides in ensuring that our job sites stay as safe as possible!

Humber Bridge – UK’s longest single-span suspension Bridge

Do you know which is the longest single-span suspension bridge in the UK? It is the Humber Bridge. This bridge is located in England, United Kingdom. Let’s know more about this bridge.

Humber Bridge

Humber Bridge is the UK’s longest single-span suspension bridge. The total length of this bridge is 2220 meters or 7280 feet or 2.22 km or 1.38 miles. The longest span length is 1410 meters or 4,630 feet which makes it UK’s longest signal span suspension bridge.

The height and width of this bridge is 155.5 meter and 28.5 meters respectively. The Humber Bridge was officially opened on 17 July 1981. The bridge is built over the Humber River.

Humber Bridge officially opened on 17 July 1981. The estimated construction cost was 98 million euro but with interest, it was around 151 million euro. Around 17,000 vehicles per day used this bridge to reach their destination.

When it opened, the bridge was the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world until 1998. The Humber Bridge is included in Grade I Heritage Status as a heritage structure in the United Kingdom.

The man behind this extraordinary bridge design is Bernard Patrick J. Wex, a civil engineer mainly famous for the design of bridges. In 1964, he designed the bridge that you see today. In 1985, Bernard Wex was awarded the Telford Medal for his remarkable work.

Top 10 Longest Bridges in the World as of 2023

Frankford Avenue Bridge – Oldest Bridge in the USA

Sydney Harbour Bridge – The Famous Bridge in Australia

In Australia, there are several famous bridges like – Sydney Harbour Bridge, Sea Cliff Bridge, Story Bridge, Matagarup Bridge, etc. Do you know which one is considered the most famous bridge in Australia? It is the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Sydney Harbour Bridge

Sydney Harbour Bridge is the most famous bridge in Australia, remarkable for its beautiful arch shape. The bridge was built in 1932 as a significant project in the making of today’s Sydney era. The vast arch-engineering techniques have made the bridge very famous as compared to other bridges. Australian engineer John Job Crew Bradfield had an eye on the project and managed it thoroughly at the time of its construction.

The length of the bridge is 1,149 meters or 3,770 feet and the height is almost 134 meters or 440 feet. The total width of this bridge is 160 feet. More than 1.5 billion Australian dollars were spent to make the Bridge. “The Coathanger” is the nickname of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and local people call it by this name.

The construction of the bridge was started in 1923. It is said that 53,000 tonnes of steel were used in the construction of the Bridge. This beautiful piece of engineering is made of steel. Spanning Sydney Harbour from Central Business District to the North Shore.

There are three examples of fascinating architecture- The Arch Bridge, The Harbour, and The nearby Opera House have made this sect of Australia widely popular. The bridge has a good load-holding capacity and serves all types of transport mediums – rail, roads, bicycles, and pedestrians.

Located above Lane Cove and Parramatta River, the bridge is very close to Port Jackson. Starting from Dawes Point, the Bridge ends in Milsons Point. After the construction, maintenance of the Bridge is transferred to the “Transport for NSW”. Every five years, the Bridge is repainted.

Sydney Harbor Bridge has been listed in the Australian National Heritage list. Tourists have been drawn towards the heritage bridge even in the time of its construction. After the inauguration of the Bridge, the cafe, Aboriginal museum, pachometer, telescopes, copper cladding, etc. are some of the most eye-capturing and soul-soothing facilities which are kept as an attraction for the tourists. And an observation platform to look around, it’s really outstanding.

The bridge facilitates many adventures such as jumping in Luna Park, Cockatoo Island. People can legally climb the bridge for adventure purposes. The Sydney Harbor Bridge has witnessed some of the most iconic moments like – the Sydney Olympics 2000, the First drive of Williams – BMW Formula One Car by Mark Webber, etc. And many more to go. More than 160,000 cars use the bridge as a gateway every day.” It is widely claimed that Sydney Harbour Bridge is the tallest steel arch Bridge”.

Frankford Avenue Bridge – Oldest Bridge in the USA

Chenab Rail Bridge – World’s Highest Rail Bridge

Calculate 1 Bag(50kg) Cement Volume in Cubic Feet & Meter

Do you want to know How to calculate 1 Bag(50kg) of cement volume in cubic feet or cubic meters? Then keep eye on this article, I have given a complete explanation of it with mathematical examples. Before jumping into the main topic, you should know that usually, the weight of one bag cement is 50 kg, but in the USA, the weight of one bag cement is 94 Ib which is equal to 43 kg.

How to Calculate 1 Bag(50kg) Cement Volume in Cubic Feet & Cubic Meter

1 Bag Cement Volume

In this article, you will learn

1. Formula and Unit of Volume.
2. One Bag(50kg) of cement volume in cubic feet and cubic meters.
3. Mathematical Examples.

Let’s know the basic thing that you need to remember before calculating the volume of cement.

Volume refers to the amount of space that an object or substance occupies in three-dimensional space. It is a measurement of the total capacity or size of an object or container.

The formula of Volume: In this case, we will use this formula

M = pV

Where, M = Mass, V = Volume, p = Density.

Unit of Volume: Cubic feet and cubic meters both are units of volume. In most cases, we use these two units to calculate volume. Other units like – liter, gallon, cubic yards, etc. are also used for calculating the volume.

Density of Cement: The density of cement in the MKS system is 1440 kg/m³. The density of cement in the FPS system is 89.89 = 89.9 lb/ft³ (approx.)

1 Bag(50kg) cement volume in cubic meter

From the above formula, we can write,

Volume = Mass/Density

Or, V = M/p

[ Given value, M = 50 Kg, p = 1440 kg/m³ ]

Or, V = 50/1440

Or, V = 0.0347 m³ or cubic meter.

So, the volume of 1 bag of cement is 0.0347 cubic meter.

1 Bag(50kg) cement volume in cubic feet

Volume = Mass/Density

Or, V = M/p

[ Given value, M = 50 Kg = 110.231 pound (Note: 1 kg = 2.20462 pound or Ib), p = 89.9 lb/ft³.]

V = 110.231/89.9

V = 1.226 ft³ or cubic feet.

So, the volume of 1 bag of cement is 1.226 ft³ or cubic feet.

Important Point: If all the units are given into the MKS system i.e. meter and kg, then you do not need to do the second process to calculate volume in cubic feet, you just need to remember this 1 m³ = 35.3147 ft³. If you know this, then just multiply 35.3147 by the volume that comes in cubic meter, which will yield the same volume in cubic feet. Let’s check if the answer is coming the same or not.

The volume of cement in cubic meter is 0.0347 m³, now find the cement volume in cubic feet.

So, as I said above, it will be = 0.0347 *35.314 = 1.225 ft³ or Cubic feet ✅.

Volume of a Cement Bag(50kg) in Litres

We have calculated the volume of cement in two important units – one is cubic feet and the other is cubic meter. Now, we will learn how to calculate the volume of cement in liters.

We know, 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters

So, the volume of a cement bag in liters will be = 1000*0.0347 = 34.7 liters.

Important Notation: 1 cubic meter = 1000 liters = 35.3 cubic feet = 1.31 cubic yards.

Note: The volume of cement depends on the density of the particular cement. There are several types of cement in the market and therefore, the density of the cement also depends on the type of cement.

Mathematical Examples

Example: How to calculate the volume of 1 bag cement (94 Ib) in cubic feet?

[ Typically, in the USA, one bag of cement weight is 94 Ib, this is the weight of ordinary Portland cement. ]

Solution: Volume = Mass/Density

Or, V = M/p

[ Given value: M = 94 Ib or pounds, p = 89.9 lb/ft³.]

V = 94/89.9

V = 1.04 ft³ or cubic feet

So, the volume of 1 bag of cement (94 Ib) in cubic feet is 1.04.

How to Calculate the Weight of Steel Bar

How to Calculate the Quantity of Cement, Sand & Aggregate in M20, M15, M10 Concrete

Top 10 Longest Bridges in the World as of 2024

Throughout the history of mankind, we have seen that many great works of architecture have been made. Bridges are also made to connect two different places together. Connecting two important places and reducing travel time utilizing rail and road are usually the main reasons behind the construction of a bridge. So, let’s take a look at the top 10 longest bridges in the world and where they are located.

1. Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge

The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge is the longest bridge in the world. The construction of the bridge was started in 2006 and was completed in 2010. However, the bridge was opened in 2011. The total length of the bridge is 164.8 kilometers or 102.4 miles. Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge is in the Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway which connects Shanghai with Nanjing in the province of Jiangsu.

The bridge is located in the delta of the Yangtze River and it runs parallel with the river from 8 to 80 km. It also runs over open water for about 9 km in Yangcheng Lake in Suzhou. The construction and design of the bridge were done by ‘CRBC’ which is a subsidiary of the Chinese government-funded company “China Communications Construction Company”.

During the construction of the Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge, about 10,000 people were employed and the total cost of construction of the bridge was about $8.2 billion. The Danyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge is the holder of the Guinness World Record for the longest bridge in the world.

2. Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct

The second longest bridge in the world is “Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct” located in Taiwan. The bridge is a viaduct for the High-Speed Railway of Taiwan. The total length of this bridge is 157.31 km or 97.75 miles. Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct starts from Baguashan in Changhua County and ends in Zuoying District in Kaohsiung.

The bridge was completed in 2004, and was opened for operation in 2007, and in 2012, over 200 million people traveled over it. The viaduct was designed in such a way that it could withstand high seismic waves. The main reason behind the construction of the Changhua–Kaohsiung Viaduct in such a way is because the country of Taiwan is in the seismic line and the plates move frequently.

There are 4 stations in this viaduct Changhua, Yunlin, Chiayi and Tainan. Moreover, whenever a seismic event happens, the trains stop running in this viaduct, and it is built in such a way that no catastrophic damage happens.

3. Kita-Yaitu Viaduct

The Kita-Yaitu Viaduct is a Railway bridge that was completed in 1982. The bridge has been the longest bridge in the world since then before being overtaken by the above two bridges. The bridge is in the high-speed Japanese Railway system Shinkansen. The two main cities of Japan, Kita and Yaitu are connected by this bridge. The length of the Kita-Yaitu Viaduct is 114.42 Km long.

4. Tianjin Grand Bridge

The fourth longest bridge in the world is Tianjin Grand Bridge. The bridge is a part of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway. The construction of the bridge was completed in 2010 and it was opened in 2011. This viaduct bridge runs between Langfang and Qingxian and is 113.7 km or 70.6 miles long.

The Tianjin Grand Bridge was designed and constructed so that the construction of Beijing Shanghai high-speed railway could avoid all the structures and other infrastructures in the route. Moreover, the construction of the bridge took less time than what was required to construct on the land. One more thing that contributed to the construction of the bridge was that bridge required less land to be acquired to make it efficient as well.

Each girder of the Tianjin Grand Bridge is 32 m long and weighs about 860 tons. The girders were built in two different workplaces and were brought to the installation site and then were carefully placed.

5. Cangde Grand Bridge

The fifth longest bridge in the world is the Cangde Grand Bridge which is also located in China. The construction of the bridge was completed in 2010, and like many other infrastructural projects, this Bridge was also designed and built by companies of the Chinese government.

The bridge is designed to withstand high-magnitude earthquakes as well as other common natural catastrophes like hurricanes and floods in the rainy season. This bridge is also a part of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway.

The Cangde Grand Bridge is 105.81 kilometers long and in the total length of the bridge, 3092 piers are there. The construction of this bridge has been of great importance as the train travel time across Macau, Hong Kong, and mainland China has been reduced to just 30 minutes. Previously, this same route used to take three hours and thirty minutes.

6. Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge

The Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge is the sixth-longest bridge in the world. It is also the 4^th longest Chinese Bridge. The construction of the bridge was completed in 2008 however remained unused till 2010. The Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge is part of the Zhengzhou–Xi’an High-Speed Railway and connects the cities of Zhengzhou and Xi’an. The total length of the bridge is 79.73 kilometers or 49.54 miles.

The Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge throughout its entire length has crossed the Wei River twice, and other rivers like the ling river, Xi River, Loufu River, and Shi Di River along with other rivers as well. In the construction of this bridge, 2,300,000 cubic meters of concrete along with 45,000 tonnes of steel were used. Moreover, 10,000 workers built it as well.

7. Bang Na Expressway

The Bang Na Expressway is the first bridge on this list for automobiles. It is the 7th longest bridge in the world and the longest for the movement of vehicles. The bridge is a toll road bridge and it runs above the national highway 34 Thailand. The total length of the bridge is 55 km or 34 miles and it is an elevated 6-lane highway.

The Bang Na Expressway is owned by the Expressway Authority of Thailand and was designed by the late Louis Burger. The idea of the Bang Na Expressway was put forward by the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand.

The designer of the column and superstructure was Jean M. Muller whereas the alignment and foundation were done by Asian Engineering Consultants. The Bang Na Expressway was built by the joint venture of Bilfinger & Berger and Ch. The bridge was completed in 2000.

8. Beijing Grand Bridge

The Beijing Grand Bridge holds the eighth position in the list of the top 10 longest bridges in the world as of 2024. This bridge is a part of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed Railway. The construction of the Beijing Grand Bridge was completed in 2010 however it became functional in 2011.

This is the fourth bridge in this list which is part of China’s Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway. The presence of so many bridges in China in this list of the top 10 longest bridges of the world shows how much the government of China focuses on the development and upgradation of infrastructure.

The length of the Beijing Grand Bridge is 48.15 km long or 29.92 miles. Like all the other major infrastructural projects this bridge was also designed and constructed by a subsidiary of the Chinese government-funded company. Since the opening of the bridge, it has been an important part of the Beijing Shanghai High-Speed Railway connecting both the major cities of China.

9. Metro Manila Skyway System

The Metro Manila Skyway System of Metro Manila, in the Philippines, is the ninth longest bridge in the world. This elevated highway is the main expressway of Metro Manila and it connects the north and south Luzon Expressway. This bridge was opened in 1999 when the first stage of the project was completed.

Over the years the length of the viaduct bridge has been increasing with the completion of other stages. Currently, the Metro Manila Skyway System is 39.2 km long or 24.4 miles. The major areas through which the bridge passes are Caloocan, Quezon City, Manila, Makati, Pasay, Taguig, Parañaque, and Muntinlupa.

The Metro Manila Skyway System is a tolled elevated expressway and the vehicles are divided into three classes to collect taxes. The operations and maintenance of the Skyway were done by PNCC Skyway Corporation from 1999 till 2007. However, in 2008 Skyway Operation and Maintenance Corporation took over and the traffic safety and management, maintenance, and tolls were controlled.

10. Lake Pontchartrain Causeway

The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway is the 10th longest bridge in the world that crosses Lake Pontchartrain, in Louisiana, USA. The total length of the bridge is 38.44 km or 23.83 miles long making it the longest continuous bridge over water in the world. The causeway was 2 lanes when it opened in 1956. Moreover, in 1969 the parallel part of the causeway which was northbound opened as well.

In 1969, after the second stretch was completed Lake Pontchartrain Causeway was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest bridge over water till 2011. The construction cost of the first stretch of the bridge was $46 million which is equivalent to $360 million in 2021. The second stretch needed only $30 million which was equivalent to $170 million according to 2021. The maintenance and operation of the bridge are currently controlled by Causeway Corporation.

Read Also:

Top 10 Highest Bridges in the US

Chenab Rail Bridge – World’s Highest Rail Bridge

Chesapeake Bay Bridge, Maryland, US – How Long is it?

12 Types of Airports || Airport Categories Explained!

Types of Airports

Air transport since its start has become one of the fastest modes of travel. This is why the demand for airports has increased all over the world. This demand has to do with the upgradation of airports as well. Different types of airports are constructed based on the needs of the place.

Airports consist of many different things and their systematic operations. In an airport, there are landing areas in which the runway of a plane is present along with a helipad for the landing of helicopters as well, moreover, besides this, there are buildings for control towers, and terminals as well. In major airports, there are some extra buildings for air traffic control, restaurants, lounges for passengers, and emergency service buildings as well.

Although one may think that operating an airport is very easy, in reality, it is one of the most challenging jobs. This can be understood when we see how complex it is to sync things like aircraft support service, passenger support service, and air control service.

An airport for a city is a very important infrastructure as it helps people from all over the world get there. It also acts in providing jobs to the locals as a huge workforce is required for proper functioning.

The majority of people out there don’t know that airports are categorized based on their function and type. So, getting knowledge about it feels very interesting and we will take a look at the different types of airports below.

1. Primary Commercial Service Airports.
2. Non-primary Commercial Service Airports.
3. Reliever Airports.
4. Cargo Service Airports.
5. General Aviation Airports.
6. National Airports.
7. Regional Airports.
8. Local Airports.
9. Basic Airports
10. Unclassified Airports.
11. Seaplane Base Airports.
12. Heliport Airports.

1. Primary Commercial Service Airports

Primary Commercial Service Airports are a category of airports that are publicly owned. These types of airports are the most common forms of airports. Primary airports are the airports from which every year more than 10000 people board the plane. These airports are the ones that are made hubs in big cities.

The primary airports are designed and constructed in such a way that both large numbers of people and cargo can be easily handled. The majority of these types of airports are international airports which help in connecting different parts of the world. These are also used for the transportation of goods as well.

In these airports, there are two different terminals, one for the people who are traveling within a country which is known as a domestic terminal. Whereas passengers who are traveling out of the country have a different terminal known as the international terminal. In the international terminal, there are immigration and customs monitoring the reasons for the incoming and outgoing people.

As the primary commercial service airports are so big, they have a different section for cargo. In this section, the customs import and export control is located. This cargo area is not connected to the passenger section.

When it comes to security and control, these airports are very strict. The main reason behind it is because in this, the main centers from where illegal activities like smuggling of drugs, certain band items in a country, terrorist attacks, etc are carried out. Some of the primary commercial service airports are Heathrow and LAX.

2. Non-primary Commercial Service Airports

Non-primary commercial service airports are defined as airports that have more than 2500 passengers and less than 10000 passengers annually according to the Federal Aviation Administration(FAA). Although it may feel like both the primary commercial service airports and the non-primary commercial service airports are the same, it is not.

The first thing that differentiates these two is the size of the airports. The primary commercial service airports are one of the biggest airports that not only connect the nation but the whole world. However, the non-primary commercial service airports are small in size with fewer passengers, and are responsible for connecting different cities and towns of a country. There is an exception if this type of airport is near the border it can act as an international airport.

In these airports, the air traffic is very less as very few passengers travel from these airports. The cargo of non-primary commercial service airports is very low as well. As these airports are very small, both the number of passengers, as well as the cargo operation, are very limited.

The security and restrictions of non-primary commercial service airports are not so strict in comparison to the primary commercial service airports. This is mainly because these types of airports are usually domestic and the passengers travel from one part of the country to another. Along with this, the number of passengers is also less so, security is generally not that much compared to big airports. In the non-primary commercial service airports, immigration and customs are present only in a few cases when flights travel internationally.

3. Reliever Airports

Reliever Airports are also known as relief airports. These airports are generally located near the primary commercial service airports. Usually, these types of airports are small in size. The reason behind their location near a big airport is that it can help in reducing the load on large airports.

According to the Federal aviation administration, Reliever Airports were constructed to relieve congestion from commercial airports and also to help the local people with easy access to airports.

Mainly these airports are used to relieve cargo congestion from a primary commercial service airport so that the large airport can handle more and more passenger aircraft. However, if needed these airports can also relieve passenger aircraft.

Reliever Airports that have the proper infrastructure to land passenger aircraft are used in certain ways like bad weather, congestion of aircraft, security reasons, etc. Both cargo and commercial passenger aircraft are diverted to these relief airports during some extreme and uncontrollable situations.

However, these airports are only used for regional and national aircraft as they don’t have customs or immigration. International passenger aircraft are always handled by large airports.

Although these airports are used publically, they are not always owned by the government. In some cases, it is either owned by a person or by a firm or group. Small privately owned airplanes are the ones that use these airports the most.

4. Cargo Service Airports

Cargo service airports, as the name suggests, it is an airport which is meant to handle the cargo transport of an airplane. Cargo service airports help in the handling of cargo planes, and delivery of cargo through flights.

However, when we talk about a cargo service airport, some of its features are identical to primary commercial service airports as it also serves as a cargo service airport because of its size. But the airports that are designated as cargo service airports only handle cargo and freight.

Based on the size of an airport and its location, a cargo service airport can be categorized whether it is an interstate, intrastate or international cargo service airport.

It is through these airports that different things can be sent to different parts of the world within a short time.

5. General Aviation Airports

The term general aviation airports are used to refer to several small airports which cannot be put into separate categories. In this category, both passenger, as well as cargo airports, are considered. Although the primary purpose of this type of airport is not passenger and cargo transportation, it is built for maintenance, surveillance, parking, and emergency rescue services.

General aviation airports are defined as small public airports which do not have scheduled air service or if they have it, it is very less in number. This type of airport has less than 2500 passengers per year.

If we look at the maps, we will see that most of the general aviation airports are located in regions where the population, as well as population density, is very low. This low population and density of population is the reason behind these airports getting such a low number of passengers annually.

Because of the low demand for passengers as well as cargo, these airports are usually very small in size with a small runway that is capable of landing small aircraft.

General aviation airports are subdivided mainly into 5 categories. This subdivision helps in further understanding the functions of different types of airports and their differences from each other. Therefore, 5 subdivisions of general aviation airports are as follows:

⇒ National Airports
⇒ Regional Airports
⇒ Local Airports
⇒ Basic Airports
⇒ Unclassified Airports

6. National Airports

National airports are a subdivision of general aviation airports. In this type of airport, the annual number of boarding passengers is less than 2500. Although the number of passengers is low, still, flights that connect every part of the nation can be found here. One thing that is different from all other airports in the subdivision is that in National airports, the runways are longer so that some larger aircraft can land and take off from there.

In National airports, usually one can see aircraft with single-engine, jet engines, and multi-propeller engines. Although the airport is a bit larger but still large aircraft that land in commercial airports cannot land here. These airports are very important for a nation because they connect small towns and cities which are producers to large urban areas as well as the international market which helps in the growth of the country as a whole.

National airports can serve National as well as international passengers and are large enough to serve more passengers as well. A city that does not want to have a commercial airport can go with a national airport as it can work as a good alternative to a commercial airport.

7. Regional Airports

The second subdivision of the general aviation airports is the regional airport. These types of airports are large but smaller than the national airports. Although regional airports are small in size, they can be very busy as they are mainly situated in regions with high population density.

These airports are mainly used for interstate and intrastate transfers of goods and passengers. Moreover, transport of both goods and passengers to bigger airports which have the facility of international transfer of goods and passengers is also possible.

Regional airports help in connecting towns to regional and national markets which helps in the economic growth of the local area. Mainly these airports are found near urban areas where it helps in the transportation of large numbers of people. Jet engine planes and multi-engine propeller planes are compatible with the runways of these airports.

The population of a region helps in determining whether the airport of that place is a regional airport or not. An airport in an area with an urban population of 10000 to 50000 is considered a regional airport.

8. Local Airports

Local airports are the third subdivision of general aviation airports. These airports are small and mainly used by the locals for traveling to the local states within a country. Local airports are often used by regional and national airports to reduce air traffic. It is considered one of the most convenient ways for Intra State traveling. These airports have fewer security measures as well as Red tape measures.

In the United States, many states are making these local airports and have deemed these airports as very important. This helps the government in reaching out to everyone out there. Local airports provide a perfect and convenient way of transportation to the local communities who can travel to the nearby state markets or regional markets. Local areas are usually found near largely populated areas that are not classified as metropolitan areas.

The most common type of aircraft in the local airports is piston propeller engine aircraft. These types of aircraft are perfect for the transportation of the local communities and their goods. Such types of small aircraft can only carry a limited amount of passengers or goods.

The local airports are important because it is where the flight training schools, emergency flight rescue services, and chartered flights are located.

9. Basic Airports

The basic airports are another subdivision of the general aviation airports. The infrastructure and services of these airports are very limited. The runways of these airports are not suitable for jet engine aircraft, so, other small aircraft should be used in this airport.

Through these basic airports, local communities can connect to the regional and national airports. These airports are mainly constructed for emergency landings, flight schools, flying of personal aircraft, air ambulance rescue service, and emergency responses.

The majority of aircraft which fly from these airports are light propeller-driven aircraft. These types of aircraft are mainly used for self-pleasure and for learning how to fly. In these basic airports, there is a minimum amount of infrastructure, service, and security. In almost all the basic airports, there is only a single runway for landing and taking off planes.

10. Unclassified Airports

Unclassified airports are airports that cannot be put into a category. It is the fifth subdivision of a general aviation airport. These airports are generally found in rural areas. Airports are small land strips in local areas which are more than up so that a flight can land and take off.

Unclassified airports are mainly constructed by the local people of the area so that in case of emergency, they can be used. The landing strip is smoothed by the locals and only small aircraft which can handle rough landings and take-offs can come to these airports. There are no air control towers nor any other infrastructure that we see in an airport. These airports are rarely used so, the traffic is very insignificant. Whenever a plane lands, it is mainly because of someone’s request to supply food or goods to the region.

To get an aircraft in these airports, one has to contact the nearest rural airport and ask for a flight that is needed. With little to no Air traffic control service, infrastructure, cargo services, customer support, etc., these are only the name airports.

11. Seaplane Base Airports

As we know that about two third of the world is water, so, there are many such small iron Nations where the construction of airports is impossible. So, to connect such Nations and islands with the rest of the world through the air for the speedy delivery of essential items in foods as well as transportation of goods and people, these types of airports are built.

Seaplane base airports are docks that float on the water near which the airplane comes and stops. Seaplanes are constructed differently as they don’t need wheels. The path of water that is used by the seaplanes to take off is to be monitored carefully so that people don’t come inside those flight parts of a seaplane.

The size of the tech platform which floats on the water depends on the number of people on the island. If it is for a small group of people then the platform is generally small when it is for a town the platform is big.

The system at air traffic control and security of these airports are the same as at the airports of land. The main difference in this airport is that the plane lands on water instead of concrete or tarmac paths.

12. Heliport Airports

Heliport airports are airports that are constructed for helicopters and to control helicopter traffic. The infrastructure and services of these airports are only for helicopters and no fixed-wing aircraft can land in these airports.

Heliport airports are mainly constructed to provide services and goods to the island which due to lack of space, large runways for aircraft cannot be made. Heliports are very useful because they can be used not only for commercial and cargo flights but also for rescue, medical fights as well as supporting the local region. Helicopters are also used in many places for tourism as scenery tours are given on the helicopter.

The helicopter service is primarily suitable for short-distance travel as well as for areas where the number of passengers is very low.

Air travel is considered one of the safest and fastest ways of traveling from one place to another and connecting the world. Airports and airplanes in the present-day world are one of the most important things for the human race. At present time, it doesn’t matter how far one is as, within a single day, we can reach the North Hemisphere to South Hemisphere. How big an airport needs to be is determined by the locality’s population. Read Also: Top 10 Busiest Railway Stations in the USA.

What Does it Mean by Refurbishment? – Civil Engineering

What Does it Mean by Refurbishment?

The word ‘refurbishment’ is used to indicate the improvement of something, especially buildings. If you are giving a new look to a room or building by cleaning, painting, decorating it, and providing new equipment there, then you are doing the refurbishment of the room or building.

Definition: The process of cleaning, painting, decorating, and re-equipping a room or building to make it more beautiful and attractive, is called ‘refurbishment‘. Read Also: Standard Room Sizes.

Why is it called ‘refurbishment’?

The word ‘refurbishment’ is derived from the Latin word – ‘furbish’ by adding the prefix ‘re’. While the prefix ‘re’ means ‘again’, ‘furbish’ suggests ‘to polish’. So, the meaning of ‘refurbishment’ is ‘to polish again’.

What are the synonyms of ‘refurbishment’?

The most popular synonyms of ‘refurbishment’ are – renovation, upgrading, revampment, remodeling, redecoration, etc.

Use of ‘refurbishment’ in a sentence

➣ Actually, she wished to have a refurbishment of her library.

➣ They are temporarily living in my house, as their home is undergoing refurbishment.

➣ The refurbishment of William’s condo will be done by November.

➣ I can’t hold a party in my flat due to the ongoing refurbishment of it.

What Does it Mean by refurbishing a property?

The refurbishing of the property suggests a new and more attractive look of the property than before.

For example, suppose, you have a house of your own i.e it’s your property. Now, you are wanting to change the look of your property. So, you have replaced the old doors and windows, the tiles of the floor, and the colors of the walls with the new ones and have decorated the house with new equipment and with new furniture. Thus, your property (house) has become more graceful and elegant than before. So, it means you have done the refurbishing of your property.

What is the process of refurbishing?

The refurbishing of a house is done through the following processes – cleaning, painting, decorating, and re-equipping, etc.

Why do we refurbish buildings?

We do the refurbishing of buildings to upgrade the look of the buildings and make the new requirements available there by adding new equipment.