Shuttering in Construction

The shuttering shall be of approved dressed timber of well seasoned wooden boards, to give a smooth and even surface and the joints shall not permit leakage of cement grout. 

The timber shall be free from loose knots, projected nails, splits, adhering grout or other defects that may mar cement surface of the concrete. Opening for fan clamps and other fitting connected with services shall be provided in the shuttering as directed by Engineer-in-charge. 

(i) Surface treatment for shuttering

The surface of timber shuttering that would come in contact with concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned and well wetted and coated with soap solution, raw linseed oil, or form oil of approved manufacturer, or any other approved materials such as polythene sheets, to prevent adhesion of concrete to formwork. 

(ii) Camber

Suitable camber shall be provided in horizontal members of structures specially in long members to counteract the effects of deflection.

The camber for beams and slabs shall be 4mm per meter i.e, 1 in 250 and for cantilevers, at free and shall be 1/50th of the projected length or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. 

(iii) Removal of Formwork

The formwork shall be removed avoiding shock or vibration that may cause any damage to concrete. In a slab and beam constructions, side of the beam shall be stripped first; then the undersides of the slab and lastly underside of the beam.

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Method of Brick Flat Soling in Foundation Trenches

Brick Soling

The method of brick flat soling is very easy, in this process, the brick is laid into the foundation trenches. For Brick Soling, skilled workers are not required.

Method of Brick Flat Soling in Foundation Trenches

⇰ Picked Jhama or second class bricks in dry condition shall be laid on the foundation bed as headers with frog upward. 

⇰ All bricks shall be laid closely with brick joints and the small gaps between them shall be field up with local fine sand and dry loose earth. 

⇰ Brick-bats which are the permitted to be used only to provide break joints shall be placed at the edges of trenches. 

⇰ The finished surface shall be levelled both longitudinally and transversely. 

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Types of Foundation Settlement

Difference Between Shallow And Deep Foundation

6 Difference Between Shallow And Deep Foundation

Following are the 6 difference between shallow foundation and deep foundation:

Shallow Foundation

1. Depth of the shallow foundation is equal to or less than its width. 

2. In shallow foundation, the load is transferred to the soil at a relatively small depth.

3. These foundations are constructed in open excavation. 

4. As the depth of foundation is less, visual inspection of construction work at any depth is possible. 

5. Disturbance of soil is negligible. 

6. Shallow foundations are adopted when soil near the surface is capable adequately to support the loads of the structure.

Deep Foundation

1. Depth of deep foundation is greater than its width.

2. In deep foundation, the load is transferred to the soil at a relatively greater depth.

3. These foundations are constructed by boring or drilling with the help of mechanical arrangements.

4. Visual inspection of construction at greater depth is not possible.

5. Disturbance of soil extends to a large zone all along the length of deep foundation. 

6. Deep foundations are adopted when soil near the surface is weak and hence loads need to be transferred at greater depths to suitable soil or rock.

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Types of Foundation Settlement

8 Causes of Settlement of Foundation